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<p>Soil salination is a major 21st -century challenge, threatening sensitive crops like almonds due to osmotic and ionic stresses. This study investigated the possibility of using forage maize biochar to alleviate soil salinity in GN15 and GF677 almond rootstocks, focusing on water relations, osmotic adjustment, and morphophysiological responses.&#xa0;Plants were established in pots with 0, 10, and 20&#xa0;g biochar kg<sup>− 1</sup> soil (equivalent to 0%, 1%, and 2% w/w, respectively), while salt stress was induced by adding 0 250, 500, and 1000&#xa0;mg kg<sup>− 1</sup> of a NaCl–CaCl₂ mixture (4:1 w/w). After 90 days, the plants’ responses were evaluated.&#xa0;Salt stress reduced stem elongation and leaf expansion, and induced leaf necrosis and senescence in both rootstocks. As leaf water content (LWC) decreased, the membrane stability index (MSI) and chlorophyll concentration also diminished in salt-affected plants. Water stress induced proline and soluble sugar accumulation in leaves. GN15 showed superior growth and leaf water content with less damage compared to GF677, but had lower osmolyte levels and osmotic adjustment. Higher salt tolerance in GN15 was attributed to morphophysiological adaptations, including reduced specific leaf area and increased leaf succulence. Biochar amendment restored plant growth in saline soils, which was associated with improved MSI and reduced leaf abscission.&#xa0;The effectiveness of biochar in mitigating salt stress was attributed to decreased sodium activity, improved water relations, enhanced osmotic adjustment, and the provision of primary nutrients. The 1% and 2% biochar treatments had similar effects on most evaluated parameters, so 1% biochar is recommended for reducing soil salinity in almonds.</p>

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Biochar Mitigates Salinity Stress in Almond Rootstocks: Insights into Water Relations, Osmotic Adjustment, and Morphophysiological Adaptations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月29日

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  • Soheil Karimi,
  • Hanieh Heydari,
  • Saeid Eshghi,
  • Davood Bakhshi,
  • Saadat Sarikhani

摘要

Soil salination is a major 21st -century challenge, threatening sensitive crops like almonds due to osmotic and ionic stresses. This study investigated the possibility of using forage maize biochar to alleviate soil salinity in GN15 and GF677 almond rootstocks, focusing on water relations, osmotic adjustment, and morphophysiological responses. Plants were established in pots with 0, 10, and 20 g biochar kg− 1 soil (equivalent to 0%, 1%, and 2% w/w, respectively), while salt stress was induced by adding 0 250, 500, and 1000 mg kg− 1 of a NaCl–CaCl₂ mixture (4:1 w/w). After 90 days, the plants’ responses were evaluated. Salt stress reduced stem elongation and leaf expansion, and induced leaf necrosis and senescence in both rootstocks. As leaf water content (LWC) decreased, the membrane stability index (MSI) and chlorophyll concentration also diminished in salt-affected plants. Water stress induced proline and soluble sugar accumulation in leaves. GN15 showed superior growth and leaf water content with less damage compared to GF677, but had lower osmolyte levels and osmotic adjustment. Higher salt tolerance in GN15 was attributed to morphophysiological adaptations, including reduced specific leaf area and increased leaf succulence. Biochar amendment restored plant growth in saline soils, which was associated with improved MSI and reduced leaf abscission. The effectiveness of biochar in mitigating salt stress was attributed to decreased sodium activity, improved water relations, enhanced osmotic adjustment, and the provision of primary nutrients. The 1% and 2% biochar treatments had similar effects on most evaluated parameters, so 1% biochar is recommended for reducing soil salinity in almonds.