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<p>The increasing contamination of irrigation water due to industrial effluents and canal water pollution poses serious threats to plant health and food safety. This study investigated the potential of biochar, (3% Sugarcane bagasse (SBC), maize-pith (MBC) and acacia wood biochar (WBC)) as a soil amendment to mitigate the adverse effects of industrial wastewater (IW) and canal water (CW) on the morphophysiological traits and antioxidative defense mechanisms of <i>Lactuca sativa</i> (lettuce).&#xa0;A pot experiment was conducted using lettuce plants irrigated with IW and CW, with and without biochar amendments. Physiochemical analyses of water, soil, and biochar, plant growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidative enzyme activities were performed.&#xa0;The result of the physicochemical analysis of IW showed a higher number of heavy metals as compared to CW, but IW exceeded the permissible limits set by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Results showed that IW without biochar amendment adversely influenced the lettuce growth, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidative defense mechanism. Statistically, SBC at 3% rate showed significantly highest growth attributes like shoot length (70%), root length (86%), plant fresh weight (66%), plant dry weight (64%), leaf area (70%) and number of leaves (78%) while decreasing the level of antioxidant enzyme (Catalase (CAT) 56% and Peroxidase (POD) 61%) which are typically elevated under oxidative stress. While WBC at 3% significantly increased the <i>Chlorophyll</i> a (80%), <i>Chlorophyll</i> b (87%), total chlorophyll (57%), and carotenoids (82%) under IW as compared to CW. Similarly, the concentration of Cadmium, lead, chromium and Zinc was reduced in soil and decreased their accumulation in the edible tissues of lettuce under both sources of irrigation.&#xa0;The findings suggested that biochar effectively mitigates the adverse effects of industrial wastewater and canal water on lettuce by improving morphophysiological attributes and by enhancing antioxidant enzyme regulation. Biochar amendment can serve as a sustainable strategy to enhance plant resilience in contaminated environments.&#xa0;</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Utilizing Biochar to Enhance Morphophysiology and Antioxidative Defense Mechanisms in Lactuca sativa(lettuce) Exposed to Industrial Wastewater and Canal Water

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月28日

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  • Hafiza Iqra Almas,
  • Fahd Rasul,
  • Muhammad Shahbaz,
  • Ghulam Mustafa

摘要

The increasing contamination of irrigation water due to industrial effluents and canal water pollution poses serious threats to plant health and food safety. This study investigated the potential of biochar, (3% Sugarcane bagasse (SBC), maize-pith (MBC) and acacia wood biochar (WBC)) as a soil amendment to mitigate the adverse effects of industrial wastewater (IW) and canal water (CW) on the morphophysiological traits and antioxidative defense mechanisms of Lactuca sativa (lettuce). A pot experiment was conducted using lettuce plants irrigated with IW and CW, with and without biochar amendments. Physiochemical analyses of water, soil, and biochar, plant growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidative enzyme activities were performed. The result of the physicochemical analysis of IW showed a higher number of heavy metals as compared to CW, but IW exceeded the permissible limits set by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Results showed that IW without biochar amendment adversely influenced the lettuce growth, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidative defense mechanism. Statistically, SBC at 3% rate showed significantly highest growth attributes like shoot length (70%), root length (86%), plant fresh weight (66%), plant dry weight (64%), leaf area (70%) and number of leaves (78%) while decreasing the level of antioxidant enzyme (Catalase (CAT) 56% and Peroxidase (POD) 61%) which are typically elevated under oxidative stress. While WBC at 3% significantly increased the Chlorophyll a (80%), Chlorophyll b (87%), total chlorophyll (57%), and carotenoids (82%) under IW as compared to CW. Similarly, the concentration of Cadmium, lead, chromium and Zinc was reduced in soil and decreased their accumulation in the edible tissues of lettuce under both sources of irrigation. The findings suggested that biochar effectively mitigates the adverse effects of industrial wastewater and canal water on lettuce by improving morphophysiological attributes and by enhancing antioxidant enzyme regulation. Biochar amendment can serve as a sustainable strategy to enhance plant resilience in contaminated environments. 

Graphical Abstract