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<p>The study aims to cultivate a sustainable fungal-bacterial consortium, utilizing spent mushroom substrate (SMS) as a support, to enhance the degradation of phenanthrene (Phe) and pyrene (Pyr) in contaminated soils, overcoming the limitations and secondary pollution risks associated with conventional physicochemical remediation methods.&#xa0;The methodology combined SMS characterization, adsorption kinetics, and isotherm analysis to assess the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) adsorption capacities. A highly efficient microbial consortium was acclimated and applied across various treatment groups, with degradation dynamics monitored using GC-MS. Enzymatic activities and high-throughput sequencing were employed to investigate fungal-bacterial interactions and community dynamics.&#xa0;The study revealed a superior adsorption capacity for Phe over Pyr, with the MBSMS group (Sterilized spent mushroom substrate and PAH-degrading microbial consortium) achieving maximum degradation efficiencies of 94.28% for Phe and 80.67% for Pyr. Fungal extracellular oxidases were found to play a predominant role in PAH degradation, while sterilized SMS enhanced functionality by eliminating bacterial competition. Microbial community restructuring favored <i>Ascomycota</i> and <i>Allorhizobium</i>, shifting bacterial co-occurrence networks from competitive to mutualistic interaction patterns. Functional predictions indicated glutathione transferase upregulation, key in PAH detoxification, particularly in SMS treatments. Furthermore, fungal communities exhibited elevated non-specific monooxygenase activity, further supporting PAH degradation.&#xa0;SMS synergistically enhances PAH adsorption, nutrient provision, and niche optimization, fostering cross-kingdom symbiosis. The complementary roles of fungal enzymatic activation and bacterial mineralization, coupled with the ecological resilience of sterilized SMS, establish a multifunctional bioremediation system. This approach not only achieves high-efficiency PAH removal but also valorizes agricultural waste, providing a scalable and eco-friendly strategy for soil rehabilitation.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Effect of a Spent Mushroom Substrate-Based Fungal-Bacterial Consortium on the Degradation of Phenanthrene and Pyrene and Microbial Communities in Soils

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月30日

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  • Yuan Wang,
  • Zhen Mao,
  • Dongqiang Lu,
  • Fukun Sun,
  • Yiping Li,
  • Yuqian Wang,
  • Zheyu Zhang,
  • Shuo Sun

摘要

The study aims to cultivate a sustainable fungal-bacterial consortium, utilizing spent mushroom substrate (SMS) as a support, to enhance the degradation of phenanthrene (Phe) and pyrene (Pyr) in contaminated soils, overcoming the limitations and secondary pollution risks associated with conventional physicochemical remediation methods. The methodology combined SMS characterization, adsorption kinetics, and isotherm analysis to assess the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) adsorption capacities. A highly efficient microbial consortium was acclimated and applied across various treatment groups, with degradation dynamics monitored using GC-MS. Enzymatic activities and high-throughput sequencing were employed to investigate fungal-bacterial interactions and community dynamics. The study revealed a superior adsorption capacity for Phe over Pyr, with the MBSMS group (Sterilized spent mushroom substrate and PAH-degrading microbial consortium) achieving maximum degradation efficiencies of 94.28% for Phe and 80.67% for Pyr. Fungal extracellular oxidases were found to play a predominant role in PAH degradation, while sterilized SMS enhanced functionality by eliminating bacterial competition. Microbial community restructuring favored Ascomycota and Allorhizobium, shifting bacterial co-occurrence networks from competitive to mutualistic interaction patterns. Functional predictions indicated glutathione transferase upregulation, key in PAH detoxification, particularly in SMS treatments. Furthermore, fungal communities exhibited elevated non-specific monooxygenase activity, further supporting PAH degradation. SMS synergistically enhances PAH adsorption, nutrient provision, and niche optimization, fostering cross-kingdom symbiosis. The complementary roles of fungal enzymatic activation and bacterial mineralization, coupled with the ecological resilience of sterilized SMS, establish a multifunctional bioremediation system. This approach not only achieves high-efficiency PAH removal but also valorizes agricultural waste, providing a scalable and eco-friendly strategy for soil rehabilitation.

Graphical Abstract