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<p>Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil is a significant environmental issue, adversely affecting wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>&#xa0;L.) growth and productivity, with potential risks of Cd entering the food chain. This study aimed to synthesize and assess the effectiveness of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in mitigating Cd stress in wheat.&#xa0;ZnO-NPs were synthesized using <i>Azadirachta indica</i> leaf extract, with synthesis confirmed by An absorption peak at 386.218&#xa0;nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the crystalline nature of the ZnO-NPs, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated the presence of functional groups such as C-O, C = O, C-H, and N-H, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated their hexagonal structure.&#xa0;Cd stress was found to increase oxidative stress in wheat, leading to decreased activities of SOD, POD, catalase, total soluble proteins, And free amino acids, which negatively impacted growth And yield. Foliar application of ZnO-NPs significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, reducing oxidative damage and improving physiological and morphological attributes under Cd stress. Optimal stress alleviation was observed with 100 mg L<sup>−1</sup> ZnO-NPs at all Cd levels, though higher concentrations caused toxicity. Hence, ZnO-NPs application improves the plant tolerance against Cd stress, but high concentration leads to plant toxicity. ZnO-NPs have the potential to alleviate Cd stress. With the highest Zn and lowest Cd concentrations, foliar application of ZnO-NPs may be a productive strategy for boosting wheat development and productivity.&#xa0;This study highlights the potential of ZnO-NPs to enhance wheat tolerance to Cd stress, contributing to more sustainable crop production in contaminated soils. All things considered, NPs significantly contribute to wheat’s increased biomass, nutrients, and reduced toxicity to Cd.</p>

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Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Under Cadmium Stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月18日

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  • Aqsa Khan,
  • Samina Jam Nazeer Ahmad,
  • Muhammad Jafir,
  • Adeel Ahmad,
  • Muhammad Irfan,
  • Muhammad Qasim,
  • Jam Nazeer Ahmad,
  • Muhammad Azeem Sabir,
  • Muhammad Faisal Maqsood,
  • Abdul Rehman,
  • Waleed A. A. Alsakkaf,
  • Hayssam M. Ali

摘要

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil is a significant environmental issue, adversely affecting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and productivity, with potential risks of Cd entering the food chain. This study aimed to synthesize and assess the effectiveness of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in mitigating Cd stress in wheat. ZnO-NPs were synthesized using Azadirachta indica leaf extract, with synthesis confirmed by An absorption peak at 386.218 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the crystalline nature of the ZnO-NPs, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated the presence of functional groups such as C-O, C = O, C-H, and N-H, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated their hexagonal structure. Cd stress was found to increase oxidative stress in wheat, leading to decreased activities of SOD, POD, catalase, total soluble proteins, And free amino acids, which negatively impacted growth And yield. Foliar application of ZnO-NPs significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, reducing oxidative damage and improving physiological and morphological attributes under Cd stress. Optimal stress alleviation was observed with 100 mg L−1 ZnO-NPs at all Cd levels, though higher concentrations caused toxicity. Hence, ZnO-NPs application improves the plant tolerance against Cd stress, but high concentration leads to plant toxicity. ZnO-NPs have the potential to alleviate Cd stress. With the highest Zn and lowest Cd concentrations, foliar application of ZnO-NPs may be a productive strategy for boosting wheat development and productivity. This study highlights the potential of ZnO-NPs to enhance wheat tolerance to Cd stress, contributing to more sustainable crop production in contaminated soils. All things considered, NPs significantly contribute to wheat’s increased biomass, nutrients, and reduced toxicity to Cd.