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<p>This study evaluated an integrated nutrient management strategy combining poultry manure compost, biochar, microbial inoculants (<i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> and <i>Thiobacillus thioparus</i> + sulfur), and NPK fertilizer to enhance essential oil production and composition in lemon balm (<i>Melissa officinalis</i> L.) under water deficit stress in calcareous soils. The research aimed to resolve the trade-off between essential oil quality and yield under water deficit stress conditions while improving soil health and plant resilience. A factorial randomized design tested three moisture levels: D0 (95–100% field capacity, no stress), D1 (75–80%, moderate stress), and D2 (55–60%, severe stress). Eleven soil amendment treatments (F0–F10) were applied at 0.5% (<i>w/w</i>), including controls and combinations of compost, biochar, microbes, sulfur, and NPK. Lemon balm was cultivated in pots containing calcareous soil for seven months. Essential oil yield/composition, plant biomass, chlorophyll, proline, phenolics, antioxidant activity, soil organic matter, dehydrogenase activity, and nutrient uptake were measured. Severe water deficit (D2) increased essential oil concentration by 2.1-fold (0.336%) but reduced biomass by 50% (0.233 vs. 0.042&#xa0;g pot⁻¹). The integrated treatment F10 (compost + biochar + microbes + NPK) maximized oil yield under moderate stress (D1), increasing it by 4.5 × (0.233&#xa0;g pot⁻¹) and enhancing key constituents like carvacrol (+ 23.5%) and geranyl acetate (+ 87%). F10 also boosted soil organic matter (+ 54.5%), chlorophyll (+ 47.9%), proline (+ 2.3-fold), and dehydrogenase activity (+ 21.9%). Shoot micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) declined under drought but were restored by F10 (e.g., Zn + 88% at D2). Multivariate analyses confirmed F10’s superiority, clustering it distinctly from controls. Integrated nutrient management (F10) mitigated water deficit stress by enhancing soil health, nutrient availability, and osmoprotectant synthesis, resolving the oil quality-yield trade-off in lemon balm. This approach provides a climate-resilient model for sustainable medicinal crop production in arid, calcareous soils. Future research should prioritize long-term soil monitoring, economic feasibility for smallholders, and transcriptomic studies to elucidate genetic drivers of stress adaptation.</p>

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Integrated Nutrient Management Enhances Essential Oil Yield and Composition in Lemon Balm under Water Deficit Stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月25日

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  • Zohreh Bolhassani,
  • Mohammad Feizian,
  • Leila Sadegh Kasmai,
  • Hassan Etesami

摘要

This study evaluated an integrated nutrient management strategy combining poultry manure compost, biochar, microbial inoculants (Trichoderma harzianum and Thiobacillus thioparus + sulfur), and NPK fertilizer to enhance essential oil production and composition in lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) under water deficit stress in calcareous soils. The research aimed to resolve the trade-off between essential oil quality and yield under water deficit stress conditions while improving soil health and plant resilience. A factorial randomized design tested three moisture levels: D0 (95–100% field capacity, no stress), D1 (75–80%, moderate stress), and D2 (55–60%, severe stress). Eleven soil amendment treatments (F0–F10) were applied at 0.5% (w/w), including controls and combinations of compost, biochar, microbes, sulfur, and NPK. Lemon balm was cultivated in pots containing calcareous soil for seven months. Essential oil yield/composition, plant biomass, chlorophyll, proline, phenolics, antioxidant activity, soil organic matter, dehydrogenase activity, and nutrient uptake were measured. Severe water deficit (D2) increased essential oil concentration by 2.1-fold (0.336%) but reduced biomass by 50% (0.233 vs. 0.042 g pot⁻¹). The integrated treatment F10 (compost + biochar + microbes + NPK) maximized oil yield under moderate stress (D1), increasing it by 4.5 × (0.233 g pot⁻¹) and enhancing key constituents like carvacrol (+ 23.5%) and geranyl acetate (+ 87%). F10 also boosted soil organic matter (+ 54.5%), chlorophyll (+ 47.9%), proline (+ 2.3-fold), and dehydrogenase activity (+ 21.9%). Shoot micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) declined under drought but were restored by F10 (e.g., Zn + 88% at D2). Multivariate analyses confirmed F10’s superiority, clustering it distinctly from controls. Integrated nutrient management (F10) mitigated water deficit stress by enhancing soil health, nutrient availability, and osmoprotectant synthesis, resolving the oil quality-yield trade-off in lemon balm. This approach provides a climate-resilient model for sustainable medicinal crop production in arid, calcareous soils. Future research should prioritize long-term soil monitoring, economic feasibility for smallholders, and transcriptomic studies to elucidate genetic drivers of stress adaptation.