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<p>Salinity negatively impacts plant morphology, biomass, and biochemical functions by disrupting ionic activity. This experiment assessed the effectiveness of treated and untreated biochar (BC) like simple BC (SB), phosphoric acid-treated BC (BPA), nitric acid-treated BC (BNA), and distilled water-treated BC (BDW) on maize growth under salinity stress. Three levels of soil electrical conductivity (2.75, 5.00, and 6.00 dS/m) and sodium adsorption ratio [8.00, 15.00, and 20.00 (mmol/L)<sup>1/2</sup>] were used in the experiment. Treatments, including SB, BPA, BNA, and BDW, were applied at a rate of 0.55&#xa0;g/kg of soil in a completely randomized design with three replications. The maximum root dry weight was observed with BNA application, which was 40.8 ± 2.3&#xa0;g/pot, 32.9 ± 3.1&#xa0;g/pot, and 27.8 ± 1.3&#xa0;g/pot in normal, marginal, and highly salt-affected soil (SAS). The ascending order of applied treatments for total grains weight remained as BNA (44%) &gt; BPA (28%) &gt; BDW (23%) &gt; SB (20%); BNA (56%) &gt; BPA (43%) &gt; BDW (39%) &gt; SB (31%); and BNA (64%) &gt; BPA (47%) &gt; BDW (43%) &gt; SB (36%) in normal, marginal, and high SAS, significantly (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) increased. Acid-modified biochar improved cell cycle development, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, and enhanced antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase) in maize under salinity stress. The BNA showed the best performance, increasing catalase by 34%, 68%, and 115% under normal, marginal, and high SAS, respectively. The results offer valuable insights into sustainable strategies for enhancing crop productivity in saline environments through modified BC applications.</p>

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Acid-Modified Biochar Mitigates Salt Stress in Maize by Enhancing Nutrient Availability and Antioxidant Defense System Under Variable Salt-Affected Soils

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月7日

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  • Hiba Shaghaleh,
  • Tahira Akram,
  • Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman,
  • Muhammad Usman,
  • Yousef Alhaj Hamoud,
  • Muhammad Rizwan,
  • Hesham F. Alharby,
  • Amnah M. Alamri,
  • Basmah M. Alharbi,
  • Awatif M. Abdulmajeed

摘要

Salinity negatively impacts plant morphology, biomass, and biochemical functions by disrupting ionic activity. This experiment assessed the effectiveness of treated and untreated biochar (BC) like simple BC (SB), phosphoric acid-treated BC (BPA), nitric acid-treated BC (BNA), and distilled water-treated BC (BDW) on maize growth under salinity stress. Three levels of soil electrical conductivity (2.75, 5.00, and 6.00 dS/m) and sodium adsorption ratio [8.00, 15.00, and 20.00 (mmol/L)1/2] were used in the experiment. Treatments, including SB, BPA, BNA, and BDW, were applied at a rate of 0.55 g/kg of soil in a completely randomized design with three replications. The maximum root dry weight was observed with BNA application, which was 40.8 ± 2.3 g/pot, 32.9 ± 3.1 g/pot, and 27.8 ± 1.3 g/pot in normal, marginal, and highly salt-affected soil (SAS). The ascending order of applied treatments for total grains weight remained as BNA (44%) > BPA (28%) > BDW (23%) > SB (20%); BNA (56%) > BPA (43%) > BDW (39%) > SB (31%); and BNA (64%) > BPA (47%) > BDW (43%) > SB (36%) in normal, marginal, and high SAS, significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Acid-modified biochar improved cell cycle development, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, and enhanced antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase) in maize under salinity stress. The BNA showed the best performance, increasing catalase by 34%, 68%, and 115% under normal, marginal, and high SAS, respectively. The results offer valuable insights into sustainable strategies for enhancing crop productivity in saline environments through modified BC applications.