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<p>This study investigates the role of biochar (BC) and bio-organic phosphate (BOP) in mitigating drought stress in maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.), a major abiotic factor affecting plant growth and productivity. The objective was to evaluate the combined effects of biochar and bio-organic phosphate on maize’s physiological responses under drought conditions. A completely randomized design with three replications was employed. Treatments included biochar (0 and 50&#xa0;g pot⁻¹), bio-organic phosphate (0 and 100&#xa0;g pot⁻¹), and two water regimes (normal irrigation and drought stress). Key physiological parameters measured included antioxidant enzyme activities viz. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD), Catalase (CAT), Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids), and oxidative stress markers (MDA, H₂O₂, electrolyte leakage). The co-application of biochar and bio-organic phosphate significantly enhanced plant performance under drought stress. Shoot length increased to 83.00&#xa0;cm (from 66.33&#xa0;cm in controls), and root length to 53.67&#xa0;cm (compared to 18.67&#xa0;cm in controls). Antioxidant enzyme activities, such as superoxide dismutase (121.67 units g⁻¹ FW) and peroxidase (194.33 µmol min⁻¹ g⁻¹ Fresh weight (FW)), were higher under combined treatments. Total chlorophyll content increased to 4.21&#xa0;mg g⁻¹ FW, while oxidative stress markers like Malondialdehyde (MDA) (3.96 nmol·mL<sup>− 1</sup> g<sup>− 1</sup> FW) and H₂O₂ (28.67 µM g⁻¹ FW) decreased under drought conditions. The co-application of biochar and bio-organic phosphate significantly enhances maize resilience to drought by improving antioxidant defenses, maintaining chlorophyll content, and reducing oxidative stress. Further long-term field studies are recommended to confirm these findings across agroecological zones.</p>

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Synergistic Application of Biochar and Bio-Organic Phosphate Enhances Drought Tolerance in Maize by Modulating Antioxidant Defense and Reducing Oxidative Stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月17日

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  • Ghulam Sarwar,
  • Zainab Zahra,
  • Tauseef Anwar,
  • Huma Qureshi,
  • Faizan Khalid,
  • Muhammad Waqar Hassan,
  • Muhammad Younus,
  • Muhammad Sajid-ur-Rehman,
  • Huma Rao,
  • Faisal Shahzad,
  • Wajid Zaman,
  • Mansour Shrahili,
  • Mohammad Javed Ansari

摘要

This study investigates the role of biochar (BC) and bio-organic phosphate (BOP) in mitigating drought stress in maize (Zea mays L.), a major abiotic factor affecting plant growth and productivity. The objective was to evaluate the combined effects of biochar and bio-organic phosphate on maize’s physiological responses under drought conditions. A completely randomized design with three replications was employed. Treatments included biochar (0 and 50 g pot⁻¹), bio-organic phosphate (0 and 100 g pot⁻¹), and two water regimes (normal irrigation and drought stress). Key physiological parameters measured included antioxidant enzyme activities viz. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD), Catalase (CAT), Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids), and oxidative stress markers (MDA, H₂O₂, electrolyte leakage). The co-application of biochar and bio-organic phosphate significantly enhanced plant performance under drought stress. Shoot length increased to 83.00 cm (from 66.33 cm in controls), and root length to 53.67 cm (compared to 18.67 cm in controls). Antioxidant enzyme activities, such as superoxide dismutase (121.67 units g⁻¹ FW) and peroxidase (194.33 µmol min⁻¹ g⁻¹ Fresh weight (FW)), were higher under combined treatments. Total chlorophyll content increased to 4.21 mg g⁻¹ FW, while oxidative stress markers like Malondialdehyde (MDA) (3.96 nmol·mL− 1 g− 1 FW) and H₂O₂ (28.67 µM g⁻¹ FW) decreased under drought conditions. The co-application of biochar and bio-organic phosphate significantly enhances maize resilience to drought by improving antioxidant defenses, maintaining chlorophyll content, and reducing oxidative stress. Further long-term field studies are recommended to confirm these findings across agroecological zones.