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<p>This study examines the combined effects of nano-silica (Nano-Si), plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and <i>Azotobacter chroococcum</i> (AZ) biofertilizers on growth, physiological performance, and essential oil (EO) yield and composition in <i>Satureja montana</i>, a medicinal plant valued for its aromatic properties. Field experiments were conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates over two growing seasons (2022 and 2023). Treatments included individual applications of Nano-Si, PGPR, and AZ, as well as a combined PGPR + AZ treatment, with a control group for comparison. The combined PGPR + AZ treatment significantly increased flowering branch count (10.5), plant height (44.6&#xa0;cm), and leaf number (115), compared to other treatments and the control. Nano-Si treatment alone achieved the highest biomass, with shoot, leaf, and root dry weights reaching 115&#xa0;g, 30.3&#xa0;g, and 16&#xa0;g, respectively, in 2023, demonstrating its role in enhancing plant growth. Chlorophyll content was also highest in Nano-Si treatments (58.5 SPAD units in 2022 and 55.3 in 2023). Additionally, both Nano-Si and PGPR + AZ treatments elevated photosynthesis rates (7.02 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ in 2022 and 7.83 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ in 2023). Nano-Si further improved water use efficiency, mesophyll efficiency, and quantum yield, contributing to overall better physiological performance under potentially stressful conditions. In terms of EO production, Nano-Si and PGPR + AZ yielded the highest outputs, reaching 51.16&#xa0;g and 52.2&#xa0;g in 2022 and 2023, respectively. GC-MS analysis showed that carvacrol (42.2%), γ-terpinene (22.3%), and p-cymene (12.2%) were the primary EO components, with concentrations positively influenced by Nano-Si and PGPR + AZ treatments. These findings demonstrate that combining nanotechnology with biofertilizers can optimize growth, physiological function, and secondary metabolite production in <i>S. montana</i>. This study provides valuable insights for sustainable cultivation practices that enhance the productivity and quality of medicinal and aromatic plants.</p>

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Synergistic Effects of Nano-Silica and Biofertilizers on Growth, Physiological Performance, and Essential Oil Production in Satureja montana

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月5日

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  • Taghreed S. Alnusaire,
  • Awatif M. Abdulmajeed,
  • Ayshah Aysh ALrashidi,
  • Basmah M. Alharbi,
  • Khadiga Alharbi,
  • Aisha A. M. Alayafi,
  • Suliman M. S. Alghanem,
  • Ibtisam Mohammed Alsudays,
  • Mona H. Soliman

摘要

This study examines the combined effects of nano-silica (Nano-Si), plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and Azotobacter chroococcum (AZ) biofertilizers on growth, physiological performance, and essential oil (EO) yield and composition in Satureja montana, a medicinal plant valued for its aromatic properties. Field experiments were conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates over two growing seasons (2022 and 2023). Treatments included individual applications of Nano-Si, PGPR, and AZ, as well as a combined PGPR + AZ treatment, with a control group for comparison. The combined PGPR + AZ treatment significantly increased flowering branch count (10.5), plant height (44.6 cm), and leaf number (115), compared to other treatments and the control. Nano-Si treatment alone achieved the highest biomass, with shoot, leaf, and root dry weights reaching 115 g, 30.3 g, and 16 g, respectively, in 2023, demonstrating its role in enhancing plant growth. Chlorophyll content was also highest in Nano-Si treatments (58.5 SPAD units in 2022 and 55.3 in 2023). Additionally, both Nano-Si and PGPR + AZ treatments elevated photosynthesis rates (7.02 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ in 2022 and 7.83 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ in 2023). Nano-Si further improved water use efficiency, mesophyll efficiency, and quantum yield, contributing to overall better physiological performance under potentially stressful conditions. In terms of EO production, Nano-Si and PGPR + AZ yielded the highest outputs, reaching 51.16 g and 52.2 g in 2022 and 2023, respectively. GC-MS analysis showed that carvacrol (42.2%), γ-terpinene (22.3%), and p-cymene (12.2%) were the primary EO components, with concentrations positively influenced by Nano-Si and PGPR + AZ treatments. These findings demonstrate that combining nanotechnology with biofertilizers can optimize growth, physiological function, and secondary metabolite production in S. montana. This study provides valuable insights for sustainable cultivation practices that enhance the productivity and quality of medicinal and aromatic plants.