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<p>Green leafhoppers (<i>Empoasca</i> spp.) are major pests of vineyards and have recently attacked citrus, causing oleocellosis, which reduces fruit marketability and negatively affects exports in Morocco. Current management relies heavily on insecticides and yellow sticky traps, but chemical use raises concerns about resistance, environmental contamination, and non-target organisms. Eco-friendly alternatives, such as attractant-based trapping systems, are needed. This study evaluated the attractiveness of formulations based on fresh orange (<i>Citrus sinensis</i> var. Navel) zest essential oil (EO1) and fresh clementine (<i>Citrus clementina</i> var. ESBAL) leaves essential oil (EO2) under laboratory and field conditions. Three concentrations (0.8%, 1.3%, and 2.5%) of each essential oil were tested in Y-tube olfactometer bioassays, and two emulsions based on these essential oils (EOs) were tested on yellow sticky traps in the field. In laboratory tests the highest proportions of leafhoppers choosing the extract were observed for EO2 at 0.8% (86.7%) and EO1 at 2.5% (85.7%), while controls recorded fewer choices (13–31%). Field trials confirmed this trend, with E1 and E2 capturing 11.1 ± 6.03 and 14.1 ± 8.86 leafhoppers, respectively, while the control recorded 4.73 ± 1.75 individuals. GC–MS analysis showed EO1 was dominated by d-limonene, while EO2 contained sabinene and linalool as major compounds. These results highlight the potential of citrus EOs as eco-friendly attractants to improve monitoring and mass trapping of <i>Empoasca</i> spp., with further tests in commercial citrus orchards needed to confirm their practical application.</p>

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Chemical profiling and attractiveness of orange zest and clementine leaves essential oil formulations to Empoasca spp. under laboratory and field conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月18日

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  • Hasnae Ennouinou,
  • Said Zantar,
  • Yousra Zantar,
  • Aouatif Benali,
  • Fouad Mokrini,
  • Lhoussaine El Rhaffari,
  • Abdelmalek Boutaleb Joutei,
  • Rachid Lahlali,
  • Khalid Khfif

摘要

Green leafhoppers (Empoasca spp.) are major pests of vineyards and have recently attacked citrus, causing oleocellosis, which reduces fruit marketability and negatively affects exports in Morocco. Current management relies heavily on insecticides and yellow sticky traps, but chemical use raises concerns about resistance, environmental contamination, and non-target organisms. Eco-friendly alternatives, such as attractant-based trapping systems, are needed. This study evaluated the attractiveness of formulations based on fresh orange (Citrus sinensis var. Navel) zest essential oil (EO1) and fresh clementine (Citrus clementina var. ESBAL) leaves essential oil (EO2) under laboratory and field conditions. Three concentrations (0.8%, 1.3%, and 2.5%) of each essential oil were tested in Y-tube olfactometer bioassays, and two emulsions based on these essential oils (EOs) were tested on yellow sticky traps in the field. In laboratory tests the highest proportions of leafhoppers choosing the extract were observed for EO2 at 0.8% (86.7%) and EO1 at 2.5% (85.7%), while controls recorded fewer choices (13–31%). Field trials confirmed this trend, with E1 and E2 capturing 11.1 ± 6.03 and 14.1 ± 8.86 leafhoppers, respectively, while the control recorded 4.73 ± 1.75 individuals. GC–MS analysis showed EO1 was dominated by d-limonene, while EO2 contained sabinene and linalool as major compounds. These results highlight the potential of citrus EOs as eco-friendly attractants to improve monitoring and mass trapping of Empoasca spp., with further tests in commercial citrus orchards needed to confirm their practical application.