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<p>Extensive use of insecticides in crop production has adversely affected the health of honey bees. Insecticidal contamination is not only restricted to flowers and foraging bees but their residues have also reached to various hive products. The current experiment was envisaged to examine the effects of deltamethrin and spinosad, at their reported residual levels on the survival, morphology and cellular immunity of <i>Apis mellifera</i> larvae. Both insecticides showed a concentration and age dependent reductions in survival at all observed stages (24&#xa0;h after treatment, capping and emergence stage), with minimum survival at emergence stage. A single exposure to the highest concentration (62.5&#xa0;ppm) of either insecticide resulted in no survival of 1–2&#xa0;day-old larvae. Multiple exposures intensified the adverse effects on both survival and morphology. The residue-based concentration of deltamethrin significantly reduced the survival to 71.11% in 1–2&#xa0;day-old larvae, whereas spinosad not only reduced survival to 50% but also altered adult morphology by reducing forewing length to 8.29&#xa0;mm. Immunological studies revealed time-dependent significant variations in haemocyte counts, with a decline in granulocytes (47.66% for deltamethrin and 55% for spinosad) after 1&#xa0;h of treatment, followed by an increase after 24&#xa0;h of treatment (66% for deltamethrin and 78.66% for spinosad). Our findings thus submit a warning that insecticides, even at their residual levels, could adversely affect brood health and, ultimately, the overall colony health.</p>

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Residue based concentrations of deltamethrin and spinosad impair the survival, morphology and immunity of Apis mellifera larvae

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月6日

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  • Gurleen Kaur,
  • Amandeep Singh,
  • Rohit Sharma,
  • Shyamli Dogra,
  • Shushant Tuteja,
  • Ashun Chaudhary,
  • Randeep Singh

摘要

Extensive use of insecticides in crop production has adversely affected the health of honey bees. Insecticidal contamination is not only restricted to flowers and foraging bees but their residues have also reached to various hive products. The current experiment was envisaged to examine the effects of deltamethrin and spinosad, at their reported residual levels on the survival, morphology and cellular immunity of Apis mellifera larvae. Both insecticides showed a concentration and age dependent reductions in survival at all observed stages (24 h after treatment, capping and emergence stage), with minimum survival at emergence stage. A single exposure to the highest concentration (62.5 ppm) of either insecticide resulted in no survival of 1–2 day-old larvae. Multiple exposures intensified the adverse effects on both survival and morphology. The residue-based concentration of deltamethrin significantly reduced the survival to 71.11% in 1–2 day-old larvae, whereas spinosad not only reduced survival to 50% but also altered adult morphology by reducing forewing length to 8.29 mm. Immunological studies revealed time-dependent significant variations in haemocyte counts, with a decline in granulocytes (47.66% for deltamethrin and 55% for spinosad) after 1 h of treatment, followed by an increase after 24 h of treatment (66% for deltamethrin and 78.66% for spinosad). Our findings thus submit a warning that insecticides, even at their residual levels, could adversely affect brood health and, ultimately, the overall colony health.