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<p>Plants display stronger defense against herbivorous insects by interacting roots associated with symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). However, the levels of defense response in AMF-colonized plants infested with varying insect densities remain unexplored. Therefore, we experimented to assess the defense responses of AMF-colonized blackgram plants under <i>Spodoptera litura</i> infestation at densities ranging from one to three larvae per plant. In the absence of <i>S. litura</i> infestation, AMF-inoculated blackgram plants exhibited greater activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (46%), peroxidase (30%), polyphenol oxidase (13%), total phenolics (19%), and carotenoids (41%), as well as higher chlorophyll (14%) and plant biomass (19%) content compared to AMF-uninoculated plants. The activity of these antioxidant metabolites was further enhanced in AMF-colonized blackgram plants upon <i>S. litura</i> infestation, irrespective of insect density. Furthermore, the profile of defense-related volatile organic compounds emission from blackgram was significantly altered by AMF-colonization and <i>S. litura</i> density. In contrast, leaf chlorophyll and plant biomass content were reduced in both AMF-inoculated and uninoculated plants infested with <i>S. litura</i> and this reduction increased further as larval density increased. However, the reduction was 7 to 23% lesser in AMF-inoculated plants compared to AMF-uninoculated plants with respective insect densities. Moreover, the weight gain of <i>S. litura</i> larvae fed on AMF-colonized blackgram plants was significantly reduced by 42 to 62% compared to larvae fed on AMF-uninoculated plants with respective insect densities. These results demonstrate that AMF-inoculation improves plant defense response against herbivorous insects regardless of insect density.</p>

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Physio-biochemical response of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) plants to varying populations of herbivorous insect infestation (Spodoptera litura)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月25日

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  • Selvaraj Anandakumar,
  • Thangavel Kalaiselvi,
  • Uthandi Sivakumar

摘要

Plants display stronger defense against herbivorous insects by interacting roots associated with symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). However, the levels of defense response in AMF-colonized plants infested with varying insect densities remain unexplored. Therefore, we experimented to assess the defense responses of AMF-colonized blackgram plants under Spodoptera litura infestation at densities ranging from one to three larvae per plant. In the absence of S. litura infestation, AMF-inoculated blackgram plants exhibited greater activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (46%), peroxidase (30%), polyphenol oxidase (13%), total phenolics (19%), and carotenoids (41%), as well as higher chlorophyll (14%) and plant biomass (19%) content compared to AMF-uninoculated plants. The activity of these antioxidant metabolites was further enhanced in AMF-colonized blackgram plants upon S. litura infestation, irrespective of insect density. Furthermore, the profile of defense-related volatile organic compounds emission from blackgram was significantly altered by AMF-colonization and S. litura density. In contrast, leaf chlorophyll and plant biomass content were reduced in both AMF-inoculated and uninoculated plants infested with S. litura and this reduction increased further as larval density increased. However, the reduction was 7 to 23% lesser in AMF-inoculated plants compared to AMF-uninoculated plants with respective insect densities. Moreover, the weight gain of S. litura larvae fed on AMF-colonized blackgram plants was significantly reduced by 42 to 62% compared to larvae fed on AMF-uninoculated plants with respective insect densities. These results demonstrate that AMF-inoculation improves plant defense response against herbivorous insects regardless of insect density.