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<p>Glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes are key players in combatting oxidative stress in plants. Here, we identified GST genes from spinach using a genome-wide in silico approach. Our results showed that the 48 spinach GSTs (SoGSTs) are mapped onto six chromosomes and that the tau-class GSTs are the most abundant, being represented by 15 genes, followed by the phi-class, with 10 genes, making these two the largest classes within the spinach GST superfamily. The studies also showed that GST proteins are predominantly hydrophilic and localized in cytoplasm. Number of exons within SoGST genes varied from 1 to 18. Various conserved motifs have been identified within the tau- and phi-classes. Studies also revealed that the active-site serine residues are conserved in all phi, theta, tau and zeta classes whereas cysteine residues are found in GHR, lambda, DHAR, mPGES, hemerythrin and metaxin classes. Segmental gene duplication played a major role in generating member-encoding genes of families within spinach GST superfamily. Promoters were found to contain 25 different cis-regulatory elements involved in stress-responsive pathways. In silico expression profiling flagged SoGSTU9 and SoDHAR1 as the most stress-inducible members. Predictive knockout and overexpression modeling, combined with AlphaFold2-based docking, highlighted SoGSTU9, SoDHAR1, and SoGSTU1 as priority candidates.</p>

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Bioinformatics based characterization and in silico expression profiling of the glutathione S-transferase gene family in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月17日

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  • Shivani Tiwari,
  • Shilpi Srivastava,
  • Mahesh Basantani,
  • Atul Bhargava

摘要

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes are key players in combatting oxidative stress in plants. Here, we identified GST genes from spinach using a genome-wide in silico approach. Our results showed that the 48 spinach GSTs (SoGSTs) are mapped onto six chromosomes and that the tau-class GSTs are the most abundant, being represented by 15 genes, followed by the phi-class, with 10 genes, making these two the largest classes within the spinach GST superfamily. The studies also showed that GST proteins are predominantly hydrophilic and localized in cytoplasm. Number of exons within SoGST genes varied from 1 to 18. Various conserved motifs have been identified within the tau- and phi-classes. Studies also revealed that the active-site serine residues are conserved in all phi, theta, tau and zeta classes whereas cysteine residues are found in GHR, lambda, DHAR, mPGES, hemerythrin and metaxin classes. Segmental gene duplication played a major role in generating member-encoding genes of families within spinach GST superfamily. Promoters were found to contain 25 different cis-regulatory elements involved in stress-responsive pathways. In silico expression profiling flagged SoGSTU9 and SoDHAR1 as the most stress-inducible members. Predictive knockout and overexpression modeling, combined with AlphaFold2-based docking, highlighted SoGSTU9, SoDHAR1, and SoGSTU1 as priority candidates.