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<p>Sunburn is a major heat-induced physiological disorder in citrus, particularly under the hot, arid conditions of southwestern Punjab. This study evaluated the influence of canopy orientation on sunburn incidence, fruit temperature and peel anatomical alterations in Kinnow and Daisy mandarins. Given that sunburn directly affects external fruit appearance and marketable quality, the objective was to determine how directional exposure alters fruit surface heating and the resulting severity of peel damage. Sunburn incidence was assessed across four canopy directions (east, west, north, south) from June to September 2024. South-facing fruits exhibited the highest sunburn incidence in both cultivars (≈ 41–47% in Kinnow; 46–49% in Daisy), corresponding with elevated fruit temperatures (≈ 44–45&#xa0;°C), whereas north-facing fruits showed the lowest incidence (≈ 15–20%) due to comparatively cooler surfaces. Despite a gradual decline in ambient temperature between June and September, exposed fruits maintained higher temperatures than the maximum air temperature because of greater radiant heat load. Microscopy revealed progressive anatomical deterioration with increasing injury severity, including deformation of oil glands and disruption of epidermal and hypodermal layers. Thus, the study demonstrated that canopy orientation strongly influences fruit microclimate and sunburn susceptibility. South and west orientations produced fruits with more pronounced surface damage and compromised visual quality. These findings emphasize the need for orientation-specific management strategies to reduce sunburn-related cosmetic losses and sustain fruit quality under warming climatic conditions.</p>

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Canopy orientation influences sunburn fruit temperature and peel anatomy in Kinnow and Daisy mandarins

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Subhash Chander,
  • Khushdeep Singh,
  • Krishan Kumar

摘要

Sunburn is a major heat-induced physiological disorder in citrus, particularly under the hot, arid conditions of southwestern Punjab. This study evaluated the influence of canopy orientation on sunburn incidence, fruit temperature and peel anatomical alterations in Kinnow and Daisy mandarins. Given that sunburn directly affects external fruit appearance and marketable quality, the objective was to determine how directional exposure alters fruit surface heating and the resulting severity of peel damage. Sunburn incidence was assessed across four canopy directions (east, west, north, south) from June to September 2024. South-facing fruits exhibited the highest sunburn incidence in both cultivars (≈ 41–47% in Kinnow; 46–49% in Daisy), corresponding with elevated fruit temperatures (≈ 44–45 °C), whereas north-facing fruits showed the lowest incidence (≈ 15–20%) due to comparatively cooler surfaces. Despite a gradual decline in ambient temperature between June and September, exposed fruits maintained higher temperatures than the maximum air temperature because of greater radiant heat load. Microscopy revealed progressive anatomical deterioration with increasing injury severity, including deformation of oil glands and disruption of epidermal and hypodermal layers. Thus, the study demonstrated that canopy orientation strongly influences fruit microclimate and sunburn susceptibility. South and west orientations produced fruits with more pronounced surface damage and compromised visual quality. These findings emphasize the need for orientation-specific management strategies to reduce sunburn-related cosmetic losses and sustain fruit quality under warming climatic conditions.