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<p><i>Arum conophalloides Kotschy</i> ex Schott, commonly known as Kardeh in Persian and Haaz in Kurdish, is a springtime wild vegetable traditionally featured in local dishes throughout western Iran. This study aimed to characterize the essential oil (EOs) composition of <i>A. conophalloides</i> and assess the influence of geographic origin on its phytochemical profile. Seventeen specimens were collected in spring 2024 from six distinct regions in western Iran and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results revealed significant regional variation in both the number and relative abundance of identified compounds: 39 compounds in Kermanshah, 48 in Dalahoo, 37 in Paveh, 24 in Ravansar, 54 in Sanandaj, and 40 in Marivan. The dominant compounds varied by location, with Borneol, 1,6-Octadien-3-ol (3,7-dimethyl), Eucalyptol, and Decane showing the highest percentages across different regions. The essential oil compositions evaluated in the dendrogram were classified into two main clusters, indicating the diversity of compositions among the different populations. These findings underscore the significant impact of environmental and geographic factors on the chemical composition of <i>A. conophalloides</i>, suggesting that habitat diversity plays a key role in shaping its phytochemical characteristics. These findings can guide applications in pharmacognosy, nutrition, and cultivation.</p>

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Phytochemical profiling of essential oils in wild indigenous populations of Arum conophalloides from Western Iran

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月5日

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  • Farhad Hosseini Moghaddam,
  • Yavar Vafaee,
  • Mahmoud Kooshesh Saba,
  • Behnam Gheisary

摘要

Arum conophalloides Kotschy ex Schott, commonly known as Kardeh in Persian and Haaz in Kurdish, is a springtime wild vegetable traditionally featured in local dishes throughout western Iran. This study aimed to characterize the essential oil (EOs) composition of A. conophalloides and assess the influence of geographic origin on its phytochemical profile. Seventeen specimens were collected in spring 2024 from six distinct regions in western Iran and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results revealed significant regional variation in both the number and relative abundance of identified compounds: 39 compounds in Kermanshah, 48 in Dalahoo, 37 in Paveh, 24 in Ravansar, 54 in Sanandaj, and 40 in Marivan. The dominant compounds varied by location, with Borneol, 1,6-Octadien-3-ol (3,7-dimethyl), Eucalyptol, and Decane showing the highest percentages across different regions. The essential oil compositions evaluated in the dendrogram were classified into two main clusters, indicating the diversity of compositions among the different populations. These findings underscore the significant impact of environmental and geographic factors on the chemical composition of A. conophalloides, suggesting that habitat diversity plays a key role in shaping its phytochemical characteristics. These findings can guide applications in pharmacognosy, nutrition, and cultivation.