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<p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are among the beneficial root symbionts known to reduce abiotic stress in plants. Though, Zn is an essential trace element, its toxicity interferes with the normal physiological functioning of plants. The current study assessed the impacts of AM fungi <i>Rhizophagus irregularis</i> inoculation on the morphology, biochemical response, antioxidative enzyme activity and nutrient uptake of <i>Triticum aestivum</i> L. grown in Zn spiked soil (100–500&#xa0;mg/kg). The toxic effect of Zn at 300–500&#xa0;mg/kg soil treatments was observed in <i>T. aestivum</i> adversely affecting morpho-physiology<i>.</i> AM fungi <i>R. irregularis</i> inoculation improved morphological features shoot and root length, dry biomass, and relative water content. The chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content was enhanced in mycorrhizal plants compared to non-mycorrhizal. The free amino acid and proline levels significantly decreased in AM fungi-inoculated plants compared to the non-inoculated. Enhanced antioxidative enzyme activities for SOD, CAT, GPX, and&#xa0;APX in mycorrhizal plants modulated redox state as evident from lower MDA (7–19%) and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (25–28%) levels with AM fungi inoculation. Macronutrients P, K, Ca, and Mg uptake significantly improved with <i>R. irregularis</i> inoculation. Zn immobilization in AM fungi colonized root attributed to reduced transportation to shoot, resulting in increased uptake of Fe, Cu, and Mn. Findings highlighted the significant role of AM fungi <i>R. irregularis</i> in alleviation of Zn toxicity by improving hydration status, oxidative stress management through antioxidative enzymes, and modulation of nutrient uptake. AM fungi <i>R. irregularis</i> is a promising microbial inoculant for Zn stress mitigation in <i>T. aestivum.</i></p>

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Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation alleviates Zn toxicity in Triticum aestivum L. by improving biochemical response, antioxidative defense, and nutrient uptake

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月19日

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  • Ankita Tripathy,
  • Bandana Kullu

摘要

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are among the beneficial root symbionts known to reduce abiotic stress in plants. Though, Zn is an essential trace element, its toxicity interferes with the normal physiological functioning of plants. The current study assessed the impacts of AM fungi Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation on the morphology, biochemical response, antioxidative enzyme activity and nutrient uptake of Triticum aestivum L. grown in Zn spiked soil (100–500 mg/kg). The toxic effect of Zn at 300–500 mg/kg soil treatments was observed in T. aestivum adversely affecting morpho-physiology. AM fungi R. irregularis inoculation improved morphological features shoot and root length, dry biomass, and relative water content. The chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content was enhanced in mycorrhizal plants compared to non-mycorrhizal. The free amino acid and proline levels significantly decreased in AM fungi-inoculated plants compared to the non-inoculated. Enhanced antioxidative enzyme activities for SOD, CAT, GPX, and APX in mycorrhizal plants modulated redox state as evident from lower MDA (7–19%) and H2O2 (25–28%) levels with AM fungi inoculation. Macronutrients P, K, Ca, and Mg uptake significantly improved with R. irregularis inoculation. Zn immobilization in AM fungi colonized root attributed to reduced transportation to shoot, resulting in increased uptake of Fe, Cu, and Mn. Findings highlighted the significant role of AM fungi R. irregularis in alleviation of Zn toxicity by improving hydration status, oxidative stress management through antioxidative enzymes, and modulation of nutrient uptake. AM fungi R. irregularis is a promising microbial inoculant for Zn stress mitigation in T. aestivum.