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<p>The operational longevity or network lifetime of three-dimensional (3D) wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is constrained by the finite energy reserves of nodes, making energy efficiency a critical design challenge. Although most research considers two-dimensional space, three-dimensional settings represent a more accurate design for real-world applications, whether it be underwater sensor networks or environmental networks. In this paper we focus on energy consumption and network lifetime in three-dimensional WSNs, where coverage is ensured within a cylindrical deployment area, compared to the typical cubic deployment in three dimensions. Previous research in this domain has considered two separate but parallel optimization strategies. The first focuses on global deployment geometry, establishing that a cylindrical volume with an optimal aspect ratio minimizes the average communication cost from distributed cluster heads to a central base station in clustering protocols. The second strategy concentrates on network topology, demonstrating that structured tessellations using polyhedra can enhance routing efficiency and coverage compactness. This paper introduces and validates ORCHID (Optimal Rhombic Cylindrical Hybrid Intelligent Deployment), a novel hybrid deployment protocol that integrates the two research areas. ORCHID operates by considering tessellation within an optimal cylinder. This underlying structure enables an intelligent protocol architecture, featuring a deterministic, energy-aware cluster head selection mechanism that replaces the probabilistic nature of conventional protocols. Through simulation, we compare the performance of this protocol against a previously proposed cylindrical implementation of the LEACH protocol. The results show that ORCHID provides quantifiable improvements in network lifetime, data throughput, and energy consumption with minimal overhead. The performance and overhead will also be scaled to compare to similar protocols such as PEG-GA-VC(3), a Hybrid k-means clustering algorithm, Fuzzy LEACH, and GWO-C.</p>

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Orchid: tessellation-based hybrid cylindrical deployment protocol for energy-efficient coverage in three-dimensional wireless sensor networks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • David W. Starr,
  • Habib M. Ammari

摘要

The operational longevity or network lifetime of three-dimensional (3D) wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is constrained by the finite energy reserves of nodes, making energy efficiency a critical design challenge. Although most research considers two-dimensional space, three-dimensional settings represent a more accurate design for real-world applications, whether it be underwater sensor networks or environmental networks. In this paper we focus on energy consumption and network lifetime in three-dimensional WSNs, where coverage is ensured within a cylindrical deployment area, compared to the typical cubic deployment in three dimensions. Previous research in this domain has considered two separate but parallel optimization strategies. The first focuses on global deployment geometry, establishing that a cylindrical volume with an optimal aspect ratio minimizes the average communication cost from distributed cluster heads to a central base station in clustering protocols. The second strategy concentrates on network topology, demonstrating that structured tessellations using polyhedra can enhance routing efficiency and coverage compactness. This paper introduces and validates ORCHID (Optimal Rhombic Cylindrical Hybrid Intelligent Deployment), a novel hybrid deployment protocol that integrates the two research areas. ORCHID operates by considering tessellation within an optimal cylinder. This underlying structure enables an intelligent protocol architecture, featuring a deterministic, energy-aware cluster head selection mechanism that replaces the probabilistic nature of conventional protocols. Through simulation, we compare the performance of this protocol against a previously proposed cylindrical implementation of the LEACH protocol. The results show that ORCHID provides quantifiable improvements in network lifetime, data throughput, and energy consumption with minimal overhead. The performance and overhead will also be scaled to compare to similar protocols such as PEG-GA-VC(3), a Hybrid k-means clustering algorithm, Fuzzy LEACH, and GWO-C.