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<p><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is a major human pathogen which largely uses the activity of Staphylococcal Protein A (SpA), a surface protein covalently attached to the bacterial cell wall to exert its virulence. SpA is involved in immune evasion by binding to the Fc region of immunoglobulins to block opsonophagocytosis and as a B-cell superantigen. These properties have been exploited in diverse biomedical applications, as well as supporting bacterial survival and dissemination. In this review we provide an extensive insight into the dual role of SpA as a virulence factor in <i>S. aureus</i> pathogenesis and its widespread application in biotechnology. We explore its vital role in affinity purification of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Also, we talk about its therapeutic possibilities, for example in the treatment of autoimmune diseases through B-cell apoptosis or extracorporeal immunoadsorption, and as a potential target for alternative therapies against antibiotic resistant strains like MRSA. We also emphasize its diagnostic uses in co-agglutination tests and as reagent in different immunoassays for early detection of infections. In conclusion, SpA represents a prime example of how a major bacterial virulence factor can be repurposed as a powerful tool for scientific and clinical progress.</p>

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Exploiting classical virulence factor: staphylococcal protein a in immunotherapy and immunodiagnosis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Ali N. M. Gubran,
  • Hanan A. A. Mohammed,
  • Runzah Mohsen Saeed,
  • Naif Taleb Ali

摘要

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen which largely uses the activity of Staphylococcal Protein A (SpA), a surface protein covalently attached to the bacterial cell wall to exert its virulence. SpA is involved in immune evasion by binding to the Fc region of immunoglobulins to block opsonophagocytosis and as a B-cell superantigen. These properties have been exploited in diverse biomedical applications, as well as supporting bacterial survival and dissemination. In this review we provide an extensive insight into the dual role of SpA as a virulence factor in S. aureus pathogenesis and its widespread application in biotechnology. We explore its vital role in affinity purification of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Also, we talk about its therapeutic possibilities, for example in the treatment of autoimmune diseases through B-cell apoptosis or extracorporeal immunoadsorption, and as a potential target for alternative therapies against antibiotic resistant strains like MRSA. We also emphasize its diagnostic uses in co-agglutination tests and as reagent in different immunoassays for early detection of infections. In conclusion, SpA represents a prime example of how a major bacterial virulence factor can be repurposed as a powerful tool for scientific and clinical progress.