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<p>This study underscores the potential of recycled materials as effective reinforcing agents in advanced composite fabrication, with a particular focus on waste rubber powder recovered from end-of-life tyres. Beyond addressing pressing environmental concerns, this sustainable approach enhances key mechanical properties, fatigue, creep, and dynamic mechanical performance, making the resulting composites highly suitable for morphing wing applications in UAVs. Using a conventional hand lay-up process, vinyl ester composites were reinforced with aluminised glass fibre, a PET core, and varying contents of waste rubber powder, followed by mechanical evaluation in accordance with relevant ASTM standards. Experimental findings revealed that the composite containing 1 vol% filler (VAR1) delivered the most balanced performance, achieving outstanding fatigue lives of 26,814 cycles at 25% UTS, 25,197 cycles at 50% Universal Tensile strength (UTS), and 24,917 cycles at 75% UTS, along with superior creep resistance of 0.0037 at 5000&#xa0;s, 0.0127 at 10,000&#xa0;s, and 0.0340 at 15,000&#xa0;s. Furthermore, post-fatigue scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis provided detailed insights into the surface topography and failure mechanisms of the composites. Among all formulations, the VAR2 composite exhibited the most favourable thermal behaviour, showing controlled PET crystallisation and stable melting characteristics, indicating improved interfacial interactions and thermal stability due to optimal rubber incorporation.</p>

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Creep, fatigue and dynamic mechanical properties of a polymer-based metamaterial reinforced by waste rubber particles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月17日

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  • Anumula Swarnalatha,
  • Seeniappan Kaliappan,
  • L. Natrayan,
  • M. Ramya

摘要

This study underscores the potential of recycled materials as effective reinforcing agents in advanced composite fabrication, with a particular focus on waste rubber powder recovered from end-of-life tyres. Beyond addressing pressing environmental concerns, this sustainable approach enhances key mechanical properties, fatigue, creep, and dynamic mechanical performance, making the resulting composites highly suitable for morphing wing applications in UAVs. Using a conventional hand lay-up process, vinyl ester composites were reinforced with aluminised glass fibre, a PET core, and varying contents of waste rubber powder, followed by mechanical evaluation in accordance with relevant ASTM standards. Experimental findings revealed that the composite containing 1 vol% filler (VAR1) delivered the most balanced performance, achieving outstanding fatigue lives of 26,814 cycles at 25% UTS, 25,197 cycles at 50% Universal Tensile strength (UTS), and 24,917 cycles at 75% UTS, along with superior creep resistance of 0.0037 at 5000 s, 0.0127 at 10,000 s, and 0.0340 at 15,000 s. Furthermore, post-fatigue scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis provided detailed insights into the surface topography and failure mechanisms of the composites. Among all formulations, the VAR2 composite exhibited the most favourable thermal behaviour, showing controlled PET crystallisation and stable melting characteristics, indicating improved interfacial interactions and thermal stability due to optimal rubber incorporation.