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<p>Reliable communication in underground mining is critical for safeguarding personnel, optimizing operations, and enabling rapid hazard response. This study presents the design, deployment, and evaluation of a LoRa-based wireless communication infrastructure operating in the 866&#xa0;MHz ISM band, tailored for subterranean environments. The system employs HopeRF RFM95 transceivers integrated with ATmega 2560 controllers and omnidirectional antennas of varying gains (3 dBi, 5 dBi, and 8 dBi). Field trials were conducted in both open-terrain and underground mine conditions, including line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) scenarios. Results demonstrate robust performance, achieving up to 3.33&#xa0;km coverage with an intermediate repeater in open terrain and 245&#xa0;m coverage underground with SF10 and an 8 dBi antenna. Multi-hop reachability algorithms ensured end-to-end connectivity across complex tunnel networks, overcoming crosscut-induced propagation losses. Comparative analysis against terrestrial performance confirmed the viability of LoRa at 866&#xa0;MHz for safety-critical, low-data-rate mining applications. The findings establish a pathway for deploying scalable, energy-efficient, and low-power, safety-oriented IoT backbone architecture designed for intrinsic safety compliance in future deployments at challenging underground environments.</p>

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MineLink-866 –A Multi-Hop 866 MHz Communication Framework for Real-Time Hazard Mitigation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月15日

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  • Jitendra Pramanik,
  • Singam Jayanthu,
  • Abhaya Kumar Samal

摘要

Reliable communication in underground mining is critical for safeguarding personnel, optimizing operations, and enabling rapid hazard response. This study presents the design, deployment, and evaluation of a LoRa-based wireless communication infrastructure operating in the 866 MHz ISM band, tailored for subterranean environments. The system employs HopeRF RFM95 transceivers integrated with ATmega 2560 controllers and omnidirectional antennas of varying gains (3 dBi, 5 dBi, and 8 dBi). Field trials were conducted in both open-terrain and underground mine conditions, including line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) scenarios. Results demonstrate robust performance, achieving up to 3.33 km coverage with an intermediate repeater in open terrain and 245 m coverage underground with SF10 and an 8 dBi antenna. Multi-hop reachability algorithms ensured end-to-end connectivity across complex tunnel networks, overcoming crosscut-induced propagation losses. Comparative analysis against terrestrial performance confirmed the viability of LoRa at 866 MHz for safety-critical, low-data-rate mining applications. The findings establish a pathway for deploying scalable, energy-efficient, and low-power, safety-oriented IoT backbone architecture designed for intrinsic safety compliance in future deployments at challenging underground environments.