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<p>The closure of coal mines induces complex hydrogeological and geomechanical interactions, including groundwater rebound, contamination, and geotechnical changes, which pose significant risks for post-mining side effects, such as land uplift. This study develops a system dynamics (SD) model, incorporating a causal loop diagram (CLD) and stock-flow diagram (SFD), that integrates hydrological processes, geotechnical feedbacks, and contamination dynamics to simulate long-term interactions between groundwater levels, groundwater pumping, and groundwater contamination, as well as their dynamic interrelationship with land uplift. Building an SD model of groundwater rebound and pumping costs, the present work explicitly incorporates contamination from surface coal mining, which constrains groundwater extraction and accelerates uplift by increasing pore-water pressure and reducing effective stress. Scenario analysis demonstrates that groundwater contamination can substantially reduce pumping feasibility, resulting in a maximum simulated uplift of 170 mm under extreme contamination and pumping cessation, compared to a minimum of 60 mm when infiltration is reduced by 50%. Notably, an uncertainty test revealed that extreme rainfall events can intensify surface runoff, accelerate the transfer of contaminants to groundwater, and magnify uplift risks before remediation measures are implemented. However, proactive policies—such as applying CaCO₃ immediately after coal removal to neutralize surface acidity, reducing treatment costs, and adapting pumping strategies—extend the viability of pumping, stabilize groundwater levels, and moderate uplift. The findings underscore the importance of integrating contamination dynamics into hydrogeotechnical models to better anticipate system behavior under environmental and climatic uncertainties. In mine closure management, this study emphasizes the importance of proactive contamination control, a cost-effective pumping policy, and adaptive strategies that balance environmental protection and geotechnical stability.</p>

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Application of System Dynamics Modeling to Assess Geotechnical–Geochemical Interactions Between Groundwater Contamination and Land Uplift in Post-Mining, Germany

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月14日

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  • Mir Ahmad Mohammadi

摘要

The closure of coal mines induces complex hydrogeological and geomechanical interactions, including groundwater rebound, contamination, and geotechnical changes, which pose significant risks for post-mining side effects, such as land uplift. This study develops a system dynamics (SD) model, incorporating a causal loop diagram (CLD) and stock-flow diagram (SFD), that integrates hydrological processes, geotechnical feedbacks, and contamination dynamics to simulate long-term interactions between groundwater levels, groundwater pumping, and groundwater contamination, as well as their dynamic interrelationship with land uplift. Building an SD model of groundwater rebound and pumping costs, the present work explicitly incorporates contamination from surface coal mining, which constrains groundwater extraction and accelerates uplift by increasing pore-water pressure and reducing effective stress. Scenario analysis demonstrates that groundwater contamination can substantially reduce pumping feasibility, resulting in a maximum simulated uplift of 170 mm under extreme contamination and pumping cessation, compared to a minimum of 60 mm when infiltration is reduced by 50%. Notably, an uncertainty test revealed that extreme rainfall events can intensify surface runoff, accelerate the transfer of contaminants to groundwater, and magnify uplift risks before remediation measures are implemented. However, proactive policies—such as applying CaCO₃ immediately after coal removal to neutralize surface acidity, reducing treatment costs, and adapting pumping strategies—extend the viability of pumping, stabilize groundwater levels, and moderate uplift. The findings underscore the importance of integrating contamination dynamics into hydrogeotechnical models to better anticipate system behavior under environmental and climatic uncertainties. In mine closure management, this study emphasizes the importance of proactive contamination control, a cost-effective pumping policy, and adaptive strategies that balance environmental protection and geotechnical stability.