<p>The spatial combination of stratigraphic structural elements significantly influences the overburden damage caused by mining. However, existing studies have not yet clearly revealed the specific relationship between these elements and overburden damage, nor have they intuitively demonstrated the spatial distribution characteristics of overburden damage. In response, this paper proposes a comprehensive analysis method that can visually and quantitatively characterize the spatial distribution of overburden damage. This method combines stratigraphic model generalization, damage mechanics modeling, numerical simulation, and color mapping characterization. This method was applied to analyze the mining damage characteristics of different structural overburdens in the Yushenfu mining area. The analysis revealed a prevalent stratigraphic combination pattern of “sand layers, soil layers, and two sections of mudstone and fine sandstone interbeds.” The study shows that mining height and bedrock-soil ratio are important stratigraphic structural factors that affect the fracture/mining height ratio. The ranking of elastic modulus loss and spatial loss in various damaged areas of the overburden is consistent, in the following order: collapse zone &gt; fracture zone &gt; bending subsidence zone. Furthermore, this method reveals the mechanism of increased residual expansion in the overburden caused by coal mining, which, in turn, leads to surface collapse. This method provides a theoretical basis for implementing targeted engineering disposal and safety measures.</p>