<p>Ensuring cognitive readiness and situational awareness (SA) is paramount for astronaut performance in space missions, where environmental stressors such as microgravity, radiation exposure, isolation, and high cognitive workload can impair executive function and decision-making. Traditional cognitive assessment tools, while useful, lack real-time adaptability, making them insufficient for detecting cognitive fluctuations in dynamic mission environments. This paper presents a neuroadaptive framework integrating electroencephalography (EEG)-based cognitive monitoring with AI-driven decision support to optimize astronaut cognitive resilience and task efficiency. By leveraging real-time neurophysiological indices, the IQityTM system enables the continuous tracking of cognitive states, cognitive abilities, mental operations, and mental strategies, ensuring astronauts maintain optimal performance. Drawing on findings from five University of North Dakota (UND) lunar/Martian habitat studies, this paper converges on a structured cognitive framework validated through real-world mission scenarios. The integration of EEG-driven cognitive monitoring with theoretical models such as the skill-rule-knowledge (SRK) framework, cognitive load theory, and situational awareness (SA) models is explored to enhance human-autonomy teaming (HAT) and optimize cognitive workload distribution. These findings contribute to a scalable approach for astronaut cognitive readiness, with broader applications for high-risk environments such as aviation, military operations, and emergency response.</p>