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<p>Gene disruption, a specific type of gene editing, is a potent method used to inactivate genes to investigate function or eliminate undesirable traits. This review critically evaluates recent developments in gene disruption technologies, including Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs), CRISPR-Cas systems, base editing, and prime editing. These tools introduce targeted DNA modifications through double-strand breaks (DSBs) repaired by homology-directed repair (HDR) or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), or through DSB-free precision editing. This review develops a context-dependent comparative framework for gene disruption technologies, encompassing their molecular mechanisms, performance features, and applications across biotechnology sectors. These technologies have a wide range of applications, including functional genomics, industrial, medical, agricultural, and environmental biotechnology. Generally, gene disruption technologies are potent yet developing instruments that necessitate ongoing optimization, safety validation, and regulatory supervision for responsible advancement.</p>

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Gene disruption technologies mechanisms and applications in modern biotechnology

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月18日

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  • Etsay Mesele,
  • Gebremedhin Gebreslassie

摘要

Gene disruption, a specific type of gene editing, is a potent method used to inactivate genes to investigate function or eliminate undesirable traits. This review critically evaluates recent developments in gene disruption technologies, including Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs), CRISPR-Cas systems, base editing, and prime editing. These tools introduce targeted DNA modifications through double-strand breaks (DSBs) repaired by homology-directed repair (HDR) or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), or through DSB-free precision editing. This review develops a context-dependent comparative framework for gene disruption technologies, encompassing their molecular mechanisms, performance features, and applications across biotechnology sectors. These technologies have a wide range of applications, including functional genomics, industrial, medical, agricultural, and environmental biotechnology. Generally, gene disruption technologies are potent yet developing instruments that necessitate ongoing optimization, safety validation, and regulatory supervision for responsible advancement.