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<p>Head injuries from rotational acceleration are a major concern in youth combat sports, yet protective equipment testing often overlooks children’s unique biomechanical vulnerabilities and relies on adult standards. This study introduced a novel, child-calibrated punch machine for precise, repeatable impact testing, utilizing empirically derived biomechanical inputs from young Muay Thai boxers. Three common boxing headguard designs (open-face, full-face, enhanced full-face) were tested on a 50th percentile male Hybrid III dummy head/neck system at four distinct sites: forehead, temple, jaw, and chin. Peak linear and rotational accelerations were measured to evaluate the impact attenuation performance of each design. The results show that the enhanced full-face design offered highest attenuation performance for frontal and lateral impacts, reducing linear and rotational accelerations by up to 39.4% and 34.4%, respectively. Conversely, for impacts directed at the chin and jaw, none of the headguards achieved a statistically significant reduction in acceleration. These findings suggest regulatory bodies should mandate the use of full-face protective headgear to optimize acceleration reduction especially in combat sports, and manufacturers must urgently focus research on enhancing padding and structural elements in the chin/mandibular region to address this critical design deficiency.</p>

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An evaluation of boxing headguard design on impact attenuating performance using a child-calibrated punch machine

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月29日

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  • Poomkarn Taedullayasatit,
  • Sitthichok Sitthiracha,
  • Manus Dangchat,
  • Nattawood Prasartthong

摘要

Head injuries from rotational acceleration are a major concern in youth combat sports, yet protective equipment testing often overlooks children’s unique biomechanical vulnerabilities and relies on adult standards. This study introduced a novel, child-calibrated punch machine for precise, repeatable impact testing, utilizing empirically derived biomechanical inputs from young Muay Thai boxers. Three common boxing headguard designs (open-face, full-face, enhanced full-face) were tested on a 50th percentile male Hybrid III dummy head/neck system at four distinct sites: forehead, temple, jaw, and chin. Peak linear and rotational accelerations were measured to evaluate the impact attenuation performance of each design. The results show that the enhanced full-face design offered highest attenuation performance for frontal and lateral impacts, reducing linear and rotational accelerations by up to 39.4% and 34.4%, respectively. Conversely, for impacts directed at the chin and jaw, none of the headguards achieved a statistically significant reduction in acceleration. These findings suggest regulatory bodies should mandate the use of full-face protective headgear to optimize acceleration reduction especially in combat sports, and manufacturers must urgently focus research on enhancing padding and structural elements in the chin/mandibular region to address this critical design deficiency.