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<p>With g-C₃N₅ loadings varying from 10 to 40 weight%, a new heterostructured photocatalyst made of g-C₃N₅ and La₂Ti₂O₇ was created using thermal polymerization and sol-gel techniques. To assess the composites structural, morphological, and optical characteristics, XRD, SEM–EDS, FTIR, UV–DRS, PL, and NMR investigations were performed. XRD and FTIR confirmed the successful formation of a composite without impurities, while SEM and EDS revealed uniform dispersion of g-C₃N₅ within the porous La₂Ti₂O₇ matrix. LT 40 (40 wt% g-C₃N₅) exhibited enhanced visible-light absorption, reduced PL intensity, and efficient charge separation, making it the most active composite. The photocatalytic performance was evaluated in visible-light-driven Knoevenagel condensation and ciprofloxacin degradation. Under optimized conditions (10&#xa0;mol% catalyst, water, blue LED), LT 40 achieved up to 92% yield in condensation reactions with broad substrate tolerance. In antibiotic degradation studies, LT 40 achieved ~93% ciprofloxacin removal within 120&#xa0;min in the presence of visible light. The enhanced activity is attributed to a proposed band alignment promoting electron–hole separation and the generation of reactive oxygen species (•O₂⁻, •OH). This work demonstrates g-C₃N₅/La₂Ti₂O₇ composites as efficient and sustainable photocatalysts for organic synthesis and environmental remediation.</p>

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Green Knoevenagel condensation and environmental remediation by composite of g-C₃N₅-La₂Ti₂O₇ photocatalyst

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Ratikanta Sethy,
  • Pratyush Kumar Sahu,
  • Barada P. Dash,
  • Naresh Kumar Sahoo,
  • Brundabana Naik

摘要

With g-C₃N₅ loadings varying from 10 to 40 weight%, a new heterostructured photocatalyst made of g-C₃N₅ and La₂Ti₂O₇ was created using thermal polymerization and sol-gel techniques. To assess the composites structural, morphological, and optical characteristics, XRD, SEM–EDS, FTIR, UV–DRS, PL, and NMR investigations were performed. XRD and FTIR confirmed the successful formation of a composite without impurities, while SEM and EDS revealed uniform dispersion of g-C₃N₅ within the porous La₂Ti₂O₇ matrix. LT 40 (40 wt% g-C₃N₅) exhibited enhanced visible-light absorption, reduced PL intensity, and efficient charge separation, making it the most active composite. The photocatalytic performance was evaluated in visible-light-driven Knoevenagel condensation and ciprofloxacin degradation. Under optimized conditions (10 mol% catalyst, water, blue LED), LT 40 achieved up to 92% yield in condensation reactions with broad substrate tolerance. In antibiotic degradation studies, LT 40 achieved ~93% ciprofloxacin removal within 120 min in the presence of visible light. The enhanced activity is attributed to a proposed band alignment promoting electron–hole separation and the generation of reactive oxygen species (•O₂⁻, •OH). This work demonstrates g-C₃N₅/La₂Ti₂O₇ composites as efficient and sustainable photocatalysts for organic synthesis and environmental remediation.