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<p>Groundwater is an essential resource in all three sectors, i.e., domestic, industrial, and agricultural consumption. Groundwater contamination, especially by arsenic, is a matter of serious health concern. The current study is a comparison of the groundwater quality of Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, District Jhelum, Pakistan, during 2011-December 2019. Up to 50 water schemes were operational in 2011; however, in 2019, the number increased to 57. Still, only 35 (70%) schemes were operational towards the end of the year. The results show an alarming rise in the concentration of all the ions, i.e., sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), sulfate (SO₄), nitrate (NO₃), fluoride (F), and bicarbonate (HCO₃). On other hand a gradual rise in the arsenic levels was observed, whose average value of 45&#xa0;µg/L in 2019 is much more than the World Health Organization-determined permissible value. The percentage of water samples with arsenic values exceeding permissible limits increased from 3% in 2011 to 60% in 2019, illustrating increased health risk on the local population. Irrigation suitability analysis, depending on parameters such as Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium percentage (Na%), Kelly’s ratio, Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), and Sodium Hazard (SH), reflects that groundwater remains suitable for agriculture. However, the Water Quality Index (WQI) reflects drinking water quality has degraded: in 2011, 42% of the samples were of high-quality classification; in 2019, no sample was of high quality, while 14% was of poor quality. Gibbs diagrams of the two years reflect that rock dominance and evaporation-crystallization processes dominate the water chemistry. Additionally, health risk assessment shows a rise in the percentage of samples beyond the Hazard Quotient (HQ &gt; 1) of 45.3% in 2011 to 57.1% in 2019. The findings emphasize on immediate implementing of effective groundwater management practices and arsenic mitigation strategies to ensure access to safe drinking water and safeguard the health of the public in the region.</p>

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Temporal degradation of groundwater quality with special emphasis to arsenic hazard in Pind Dadan Khan Area, Punjab, Pakistan

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月16日

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  • Faisal Rehman,
  • Matloob Hussain,
  • Jamil Siddique,
  • Tahir Azeem,
  • Muhammad Fahad Ullah,
  • Naveed Iqbal,
  • Rahima Ali Hashmi

摘要

Groundwater is an essential resource in all three sectors, i.e., domestic, industrial, and agricultural consumption. Groundwater contamination, especially by arsenic, is a matter of serious health concern. The current study is a comparison of the groundwater quality of Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, District Jhelum, Pakistan, during 2011-December 2019. Up to 50 water schemes were operational in 2011; however, in 2019, the number increased to 57. Still, only 35 (70%) schemes were operational towards the end of the year. The results show an alarming rise in the concentration of all the ions, i.e., sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), sulfate (SO₄), nitrate (NO₃), fluoride (F), and bicarbonate (HCO₃). On other hand a gradual rise in the arsenic levels was observed, whose average value of 45 µg/L in 2019 is much more than the World Health Organization-determined permissible value. The percentage of water samples with arsenic values exceeding permissible limits increased from 3% in 2011 to 60% in 2019, illustrating increased health risk on the local population. Irrigation suitability analysis, depending on parameters such as Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium percentage (Na%), Kelly’s ratio, Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), and Sodium Hazard (SH), reflects that groundwater remains suitable for agriculture. However, the Water Quality Index (WQI) reflects drinking water quality has degraded: in 2011, 42% of the samples were of high-quality classification; in 2019, no sample was of high quality, while 14% was of poor quality. Gibbs diagrams of the two years reflect that rock dominance and evaporation-crystallization processes dominate the water chemistry. Additionally, health risk assessment shows a rise in the percentage of samples beyond the Hazard Quotient (HQ > 1) of 45.3% in 2011 to 57.1% in 2019. The findings emphasize on immediate implementing of effective groundwater management practices and arsenic mitigation strategies to ensure access to safe drinking water and safeguard the health of the public in the region.