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<p>This study examines the dispersion behavior of hydroxyapatite (HA) in Ti–10Mn alloys and its influence on microstructural evolution, density, hardness, and fracture behavior. Ti–10Mn alloy powders were mechanically alloyed with HA at varying weight fractions (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) and consolidated via spark plasma sintering (SPS). Microstructural characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed a uniform distribution of HA within the Ti–Mn matrix at lower concentrations, whereas increased HA content led to particle agglomeration and porosity. Phase analysis confirmed a biphasic structure comprising β-Ti and secondary phases, with phase transformation influenced by HA concentration. Hardness measurements demonstrated an optimal reinforcement effect at 15 wt% HA, achieving a maximum hardness of 735 ± 15 HV<sub>0.3</sub>. The hardness values progressively increased from 559 ± 11 HV<sub>0.3</sub> at 5 wt% HA to 683 ± 10 HV<sub>0.3</sub> at 20 wt% HA. Density measurements indicated a decrease from 99.23% relative density for Ti–10Mn to 97.02% at 20 wt% HA, attributed to the increased porosity introduced by HA particles. Fractographic analysis revealed a distinct transition from ductile fracture at lower HA contents (5–10 wt%), characterized by microvoid coalescence, fine dimples, and tearing ridges, to brittle fracture at higher HA contents (15–20 wt%), featuring fractured HA clusters and intergranular cracking along weakened HA–matrix interfaces and this transition was driven by reduced interfacial cohesion and increased porosity at higher HA concentrations.</p>

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Influence of bioactive hydroxyapatite dispersion in Ti–Mn alloys on the microstructure, hardness, and fracture behavior of sintered composites

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月18日

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  • Oluwasegun Falodun,
  • Abiodun Bayode

摘要

This study examines the dispersion behavior of hydroxyapatite (HA) in Ti–10Mn alloys and its influence on microstructural evolution, density, hardness, and fracture behavior. Ti–10Mn alloy powders were mechanically alloyed with HA at varying weight fractions (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) and consolidated via spark plasma sintering (SPS). Microstructural characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed a uniform distribution of HA within the Ti–Mn matrix at lower concentrations, whereas increased HA content led to particle agglomeration and porosity. Phase analysis confirmed a biphasic structure comprising β-Ti and secondary phases, with phase transformation influenced by HA concentration. Hardness measurements demonstrated an optimal reinforcement effect at 15 wt% HA, achieving a maximum hardness of 735 ± 15 HV0.3. The hardness values progressively increased from 559 ± 11 HV0.3 at 5 wt% HA to 683 ± 10 HV0.3 at 20 wt% HA. Density measurements indicated a decrease from 99.23% relative density for Ti–10Mn to 97.02% at 20 wt% HA, attributed to the increased porosity introduced by HA particles. Fractographic analysis revealed a distinct transition from ductile fracture at lower HA contents (5–10 wt%), characterized by microvoid coalescence, fine dimples, and tearing ridges, to brittle fracture at higher HA contents (15–20 wt%), featuring fractured HA clusters and intergranular cracking along weakened HA–matrix interfaces and this transition was driven by reduced interfacial cohesion and increased porosity at higher HA concentrations.