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Purpose <p>A reliable power supply is a critical requirement for networks of wireless sensors deployed to monitor the health of freight trains. The confined installation space beneath the bogies poses significant challenges for wiring and makes battery replacement impractical, thereby motivating the development of autonomous energy harvesting solutions for these sensors.</p> Methods <p>Motivated by the need for autonomous and sustainable power sources, this study proposes a hybrid vibration energy harvesting system designed to scavenge both vertical and horizontal vibration energy from train bogies through a gear-rack transmission mechanism. To elucidate the energy conversion mechanism, a comprehensive theoretical model is established from both structural and electromechanical perspectives, with the induced voltage modelled based on Faraday’s electromagnetic induction principle. The dynamic behaviour of the harvester is analysed in detail.</p> Results <p>At an excitation frequency of 20&#xa0;Hz and an amplitude of 9&#xa0;mm, a single triboelectric harvester produces an output voltage above 65&#xa0;V and delivers a power of 0.5 mW. This output level is sufficient to drive low-powered sensors that require high operating voltages. Under the same operating conditions, the electromagnetic harvester provides an output voltage of 20&#xa0;V and a power of 800 mW.</p> Conclusions <p>The proposed energy harvester demonstrates application potential. The triboelectric energy harvester generates a substantial voltage output. This output adequately powers high-voltage electronic devices. Furthermore, the electromagnetic energy harvester produces a robust current output. This current supports the normal operation of high-current appliances.</p>

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Design and Dynamics of a Nonlinear Triboelectric-Electromagnetic Energy Harvester

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • Xin Zhou,
  • Huai Zhao,
  • Huajiang Ouyang

摘要

Purpose

A reliable power supply is a critical requirement for networks of wireless sensors deployed to monitor the health of freight trains. The confined installation space beneath the bogies poses significant challenges for wiring and makes battery replacement impractical, thereby motivating the development of autonomous energy harvesting solutions for these sensors.

Methods

Motivated by the need for autonomous and sustainable power sources, this study proposes a hybrid vibration energy harvesting system designed to scavenge both vertical and horizontal vibration energy from train bogies through a gear-rack transmission mechanism. To elucidate the energy conversion mechanism, a comprehensive theoretical model is established from both structural and electromechanical perspectives, with the induced voltage modelled based on Faraday’s electromagnetic induction principle. The dynamic behaviour of the harvester is analysed in detail.

Results

At an excitation frequency of 20 Hz and an amplitude of 9 mm, a single triboelectric harvester produces an output voltage above 65 V and delivers a power of 0.5 mW. This output level is sufficient to drive low-powered sensors that require high operating voltages. Under the same operating conditions, the electromagnetic harvester provides an output voltage of 20 V and a power of 800 mW.

Conclusions

The proposed energy harvester demonstrates application potential. The triboelectric energy harvester generates a substantial voltage output. This output adequately powers high-voltage electronic devices. Furthermore, the electromagnetic energy harvester produces a robust current output. This current supports the normal operation of high-current appliances.