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Purpose <p>This study examines the seismic behaviour of liquid storage tanks under varying fill conditions to assess current design standards and develop enhanced engineering solutions for earthquake-prone regions. The research specifically investigates how different liquid fill levels affect dynamic responses and structural integrity during seismic events.</p> Methods <p>The experimental approach involved shake table testing of a scaled tank model (0.7&#xa0;m diameter × 0.5&#xa0;m height) using Koyna earthquake (1967) excitations. Piezoelectric accelerometers measured dynamic responses across fill levels ranging from empty to full capacity. Complementary finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS®, employing SHELL181 elements for tank structure modelling and HSFLD242 elements for fluid dynamics simulation.</p> Results <p>Experimental and computational results demonstrated that peak accelerations at the tank top increased proportionally with liquid fill height, reaching a maximum of 0.0001&#xa0;g at full capacity. The study identified two distinct response mechanisms: convective sloshing dominated at high fill levels while impulsive forces prevailed at lower fills, validating Housner's two-mass model. Structural deformations remained minimal (≤ 0.0002&#xa0;mm) across all tests, confirming robust tank integrity. A 9.5-15% variation between experimental measurements and simulation results revealed limitations in current design standards (API 650, Eurocode 8).</p> Conclusion <p>The research provides critical insights into fill-dependent seismic responses not adequately addressed by existing codes. By proposing practical design charts and fill-level correction factors, this study offers engineers improved tools for performance-based design. These findings significantly advance the understanding of liquid storage tank behaviour under seismic loading and contribute to enhanced safety standards for critical infrastructure in earthquake-prone regions.</p>

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Integrated Study of Liquid Storage Tank Dynamics Under Seismic Conditions: Experimental and Simulation Models

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月2日

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  • Sha Husain S. Maghrabi,
  • Vishal G. Salunkhe,
  • S. M. Khot,
  • Prashant Huddar

摘要

Purpose

This study examines the seismic behaviour of liquid storage tanks under varying fill conditions to assess current design standards and develop enhanced engineering solutions for earthquake-prone regions. The research specifically investigates how different liquid fill levels affect dynamic responses and structural integrity during seismic events.

Methods

The experimental approach involved shake table testing of a scaled tank model (0.7 m diameter × 0.5 m height) using Koyna earthquake (1967) excitations. Piezoelectric accelerometers measured dynamic responses across fill levels ranging from empty to full capacity. Complementary finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS®, employing SHELL181 elements for tank structure modelling and HSFLD242 elements for fluid dynamics simulation.

Results

Experimental and computational results demonstrated that peak accelerations at the tank top increased proportionally with liquid fill height, reaching a maximum of 0.0001 g at full capacity. The study identified two distinct response mechanisms: convective sloshing dominated at high fill levels while impulsive forces prevailed at lower fills, validating Housner's two-mass model. Structural deformations remained minimal (≤ 0.0002 mm) across all tests, confirming robust tank integrity. A 9.5-15% variation between experimental measurements and simulation results revealed limitations in current design standards (API 650, Eurocode 8).

Conclusion

The research provides critical insights into fill-dependent seismic responses not adequately addressed by existing codes. By proposing practical design charts and fill-level correction factors, this study offers engineers improved tools for performance-based design. These findings significantly advance the understanding of liquid storage tank behaviour under seismic loading and contribute to enhanced safety standards for critical infrastructure in earthquake-prone regions.