<p>During the operation of high-speed trains, the vibration characteristics of axle box bearings are influenced by multiple factors. Specifically, this paper investigates the effects of track irregularity excitation, thermal deformation, and lubrication conditions on bearing vibration response under identical working conditions. To achieve this, based on Hertzian contact theory and elastohydrodynamic lubrication principles, a dynamic model of axle box bearing for high-speed train is established. Subsequently, the validity of the proposed model is verified by the experimental data of the single wheelset rolling vibration test bench. Furthermore, the typical fault forms of bearings are simulated, and consequently their effects on bearing vibration characteristics is analyzed. Moreover, the effects of fault size, rotational speed and bearing radial clearance on the system dynamic response are studied by using the eigenvalue of the covariance matrix and root mean square (RMS) value. The results show that track irregularity greatly increases bearing vibration, thermal deformation also causes bearing vibration to intensify. On the other hand, lubrication can effectively reduce bearing vibration. Additionally, the size and location of local bearing faults, along with rotational speed and radial clearance of bearings have great influence on the eigenvalue of the covariance matrix of bearing inner ring and outer ring. Correspondingly, the RMS value of bearing vibration also varies significantly under different speeds.</p>