Purpose <p>This study aims to investigate the dynamic characteristics of spindle-bearing system by improving the transfer matrix method while considering thermal effects.</p> Methods <p>This work establishes a five-degree-of-freedom proposed stationary investigation model involving the bearing with Hertz’s contact theory, analyzes the impact on relevant mechanical parameters in the mechanical properties of the bearing, as well as simultaneously establishes a mechanical analysis model of the spindle-bearing system regarding a combination with the fine integral method as well as the transfer matrix method. The thermal network model of the electric spindle system is built in accordance with the spindle and bearing model, and the analysis focuses on the impact of the amount of thermal deformation on the mechanical performance with respect to the bearing and spindle.</p> Results <p>The results show how the bearings’ radius and rotational speed impact their internal and external contact angles as well as their contact force. The spindle model developed after combining the fine transfer matrix method has a certain effect on the relevant mechanical properties of the spindle, and the effect increases with the increase of the order. As rotational force and speed increase, the bearing’s temperature rises. The combination of heat deformation and bearing contact angle results in changes to contacting force and stiffness.</p> Conclusion <p>Through the study and analysis of the thermal deformation of the spindle, the machining performance of high-speed automated machine tools can be improved, and can effectively avoid the harm brought about by the deformation and improve the accuracy of the processed workpiece.</p>