<p>With the accelerating global transition toward sustainable aviation, the development and deployment of alternative aviation fuels have emerged as a critical research priority. For countries with a shortage of oil and gas resources, biomass-derived and coal-based synthetic fuels are positioned to enhance aviation fuel supply security through diversified production pathways. To promote the development of aviation alternative fuels, this paper provides a systematic discussion and analysis of the feedstock sources, production process flows, the types of feedstocks and product compositions suited to different process flows, their performance characteristics, and the permissible blending ratios with petroleum-based fuels for biomass and coal-based alternative fuels. Existing issues within various production processes are also explored, and research hotspots are identified, providing a comprehensive summary. Based on the rich sources of raw materials for alternative fuels, strategic recommendations are proposed: establishing biomass alternative fuel production enterprises using the “oil-to-fuel” method around central cities, developing production facilities in agrarian-based cities utilizing agricultural residues as raw materials, and vigorously promoting coal-based alternative fuels to leverage the country’s extensive coal resources fully. These strategies aim to provide valuable references for the production and application of domestic aviation alternative fuels.</p>