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<p>Microphone installation deviations are inevitable in custom-built arrays for localizing sound sources of large-scale objects, such as aircraft, rotors and wind turbines. These deviations can affect localization performance, yet the comparative sensitivity of stationary and rotating sound source localization to these deviations, as well as the robustness of classic algorithms like conventional frequency-domain beamforming (CFDBF), virtual rotating array (VRA), and rotating source identifier (ROSI), remains underexplored. This study presents a fundamental investigation into the effects of microphone installation deviations on localization performance across different algorithms and frequencies. Results indicate that deviations have minimal impact at 2&#xa0;kHz and 4&#xa0;kHz. However, at 8&#xa0;kHz, a 4% deviation introduces significant artifacts in CFDBF and VRA beamforming maps, causing failure to identify the source. In contrast, ROSI maintains acceptable result at a 5% deviation. In terms of sound intensity accuracy, ROSI shows greater sensitivity to deviations. These findings contribute to a foundational understanding of the interplay between microphone deviations and localization performance, offering practical guidance for array design, microphone installation, and algorithm selection in diverse applications.</p>

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Effects of microphone installation deviations on localization: a fundamental investigation between stationary and rotating sound sources

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月4日

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  • Cheng Wei Lee,
  • Ce Zhang,
  • Wei Ma

摘要

Microphone installation deviations are inevitable in custom-built arrays for localizing sound sources of large-scale objects, such as aircraft, rotors and wind turbines. These deviations can affect localization performance, yet the comparative sensitivity of stationary and rotating sound source localization to these deviations, as well as the robustness of classic algorithms like conventional frequency-domain beamforming (CFDBF), virtual rotating array (VRA), and rotating source identifier (ROSI), remains underexplored. This study presents a fundamental investigation into the effects of microphone installation deviations on localization performance across different algorithms and frequencies. Results indicate that deviations have minimal impact at 2 kHz and 4 kHz. However, at 8 kHz, a 4% deviation introduces significant artifacts in CFDBF and VRA beamforming maps, causing failure to identify the source. In contrast, ROSI maintains acceptable result at a 5% deviation. In terms of sound intensity accuracy, ROSI shows greater sensitivity to deviations. These findings contribute to a foundational understanding of the interplay between microphone deviations and localization performance, offering practical guidance for array design, microphone installation, and algorithm selection in diverse applications.