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Background <p>Ankle-brachial index (ABI) and Toe brachial index (TBI) can easily detect peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We aimed to explore the association between ABI-TBI and micro-and macro-vascular complications of diabetes including carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in people with T2DM.</p> Methods <p>This cross-sectional study was conducted on 277 patients with T2DM. The association between PAD and retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular disease (CVD) was assessed in all participants. Moreover, the association of ABI-TBI and CIMT was investigated in 180 participants using regression models.</p> Results <p>CIMT of more than 0.82&#xa0;mm was detected in 21.2% of patients with PAD and in 12.8% of patients without PAD. We found that each 0.1-unit decrease in ABI (full-adjusted model; OR; 1.18 (95% CI: 1.02–1.38), <i>P</i> = 0.03) and TBI (full-adjusted model; OR; 1.26 (95% CI: 1.04–1.52), <i>P</i> = 0.02) was associated with a significant increase in the CIMT. However, we found no significant association between the ABI-TBI and clinical micro-and macro-vascular complications of diabetes.</p> Conclusion <p>ABI-TBI, beyond an indicator of PAD, can be applied as an easy, non-invasive tool for the prediction of increased CIMT in patients with T2DM.</p>

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Ankle-Brachial Index and Toe-Brachial Index are Associated with Subclinical Vascular Complications in People with Type 2 Diabetes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月7日

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  • Pardis Sadeghipour,
  • Mostafa Almasi-Dooghaee,
  • Pasha Anvari,
  • Alireza Khajavi,
  • Nahid Hashemi-Madani,
  • Mojtaba Malek,
  • Mohammad E. Khamseh

摘要

Background

Ankle-brachial index (ABI) and Toe brachial index (TBI) can easily detect peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We aimed to explore the association between ABI-TBI and micro-and macro-vascular complications of diabetes including carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in people with T2DM.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 277 patients with T2DM. The association between PAD and retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular disease (CVD) was assessed in all participants. Moreover, the association of ABI-TBI and CIMT was investigated in 180 participants using regression models.

Results

CIMT of more than 0.82 mm was detected in 21.2% of patients with PAD and in 12.8% of patients without PAD. We found that each 0.1-unit decrease in ABI (full-adjusted model; OR; 1.18 (95% CI: 1.02–1.38), P = 0.03) and TBI (full-adjusted model; OR; 1.26 (95% CI: 1.04–1.52), P = 0.02) was associated with a significant increase in the CIMT. However, we found no significant association between the ABI-TBI and clinical micro-and macro-vascular complications of diabetes.

Conclusion

ABI-TBI, beyond an indicator of PAD, can be applied as an easy, non-invasive tool for the prediction of increased CIMT in patients with T2DM.