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<p>Trace metals released into effluents from various industrial sectors contaminate soil, degrade food quality, and reduce crop productivity in modern agriculture. To address this issue, the present study investigated the application of rice husk biochar (simple and modified biochar) at different doses (15, 20, and 30&#xa0;t/ha) in wastewater-irrigated soil to regulate soil attributes, metal uptake, and growth of beetroot plants. The soil was amended with <b>s</b>imple and modified biochar using KMnO₄ (0.01&#xa0;M) as a modifying agent. Application of modified biochar significantly improved soil functional properties and mineral content, compared to the control soil. A dose-dependent reduction in metal concentrations was observed, with modified biochar exhibiting greater efficiency than simple biochar. Compared to control, at 30&#xa0;t/ha of modified biochar, concentrations of cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), and lead (Pb) were decreased by 81, 80, 56, 80, 61, and 72%, respectively, in beetroot plants. Furthermore, biochar application influenced functional attributes, leading to an increase in the activities of antioxidative enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. However, the maximum increment of plant yield was recorded at a 15&#xa0;t/ha dose of modified biochar. This study highlights the potential of biochar as a sustainable soil amendment for regulating heavy metals (HMs) availability while improving soil health and plant productivity. Future research should focus on optimizing biochar application rates, to assess its long-term effects on different soil types, and to explore its role in addressing environmental challenges through improved soil physicochemical and biological properties.</p>

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Physicochemical and functional characterization of wastewater-irrigated soil and beetroot plants in response to modified rice husk biochar amendment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月25日

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  • Kaushik Gautam,
  • Rajeev Pratap Singh,
  • Anita Singh

摘要

Trace metals released into effluents from various industrial sectors contaminate soil, degrade food quality, and reduce crop productivity in modern agriculture. To address this issue, the present study investigated the application of rice husk biochar (simple and modified biochar) at different doses (15, 20, and 30 t/ha) in wastewater-irrigated soil to regulate soil attributes, metal uptake, and growth of beetroot plants. The soil was amended with simple and modified biochar using KMnO₄ (0.01 M) as a modifying agent. Application of modified biochar significantly improved soil functional properties and mineral content, compared to the control soil. A dose-dependent reduction in metal concentrations was observed, with modified biochar exhibiting greater efficiency than simple biochar. Compared to control, at 30 t/ha of modified biochar, concentrations of cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), and lead (Pb) were decreased by 81, 80, 56, 80, 61, and 72%, respectively, in beetroot plants. Furthermore, biochar application influenced functional attributes, leading to an increase in the activities of antioxidative enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. However, the maximum increment of plant yield was recorded at a 15 t/ha dose of modified biochar. This study highlights the potential of biochar as a sustainable soil amendment for regulating heavy metals (HMs) availability while improving soil health and plant productivity. Future research should focus on optimizing biochar application rates, to assess its long-term effects on different soil types, and to explore its role in addressing environmental challenges through improved soil physicochemical and biological properties.