<p>This paper investigates the employment landscape and social welfare challenges of older persons in Vietnam within the context of rapid population aging and shifting labor market dynamics. It addresses how the aging population affects employment patterns among older adults and the implications for social policy and workforce inclusion in Vietnam. Using a quantitative methodology grounded in demographic analysis, the study draws on rich data sources, including Vietnam’s Population and Housing Censuses (2009, 2019), population projections, labor force surveys, and national statistics. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, supported by SPSS, are employed to analyze employment trends, demographic disparities, and labor force participation among older people by sex and residential location. Key findings reveal that while a significant proportion of older persons continue to work beyond retirement age, their employment is often precarious concentrated in informal sectors, with higher rates of underemployment and lower educational attainment, particularly among older women and rural dwellers. The study highlights stark disparities in employment quality, income security, and access to social welfare between urban and rural older adults, and between male and female older workers. The research contributes important policy insights by underscoring the untapped economic potential of older workers and calls for inclusive, gender-responsive, and age-sensitive policies. It advocates for expanding opportunities for decent work among older adults, improving pension and welfare systems, and leveraging the skills of older populations to promote inclusive growth and realize a second demographic dividend. </p>