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<p>In this research, various stacking sequences (K/G/G/K, G/K/K/G, and G/K/G/K) were examined in epoxy-based composites reinforced with silane-treated mangosteen biochar, focusing on fatigue, creep, and water absorption behavior. Among all specimens, composite A22 comprising 3 vol.% biochar and a G/K/K/G stacking configuration exhibited exceptional fatigue performance with life counts of 28,581, 26,168, and 24,519 at 25%, 50%, and 75% UTS, respectively. The same composite also demonstrated excellent creep resistance, with low strain values of 0.0035, 0.0194, and 0.0259 at 5000, 10,000, and 15,000&#xa0;s. Although the plain epoxy specimen A0 showed the lowest water absorption (0.35%) due to its dense, hydrophobic structure, the fiber-reinforced composites showed a balanced trade-off between mechanical performance and moisture uptake. SEM analysis provided further insights into the interfacial characteristics and failure mechanisms. These findings highlight the critical influence of stacking sequence on composite behavior, making it a key parameter in the design of high-performance materials. The developed composites show strong potential for applications in automotive components, aerospace interiors, structural panels, marine structures, sporting goods, and consumer electronics casings.</p>

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Investigation of Fatigue, Creep, and Moisture Behavior in Glass/Kenaf Fiber Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Mangosteen Husk Biochar

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月8日

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  • C. Ramnath,
  • S. Subbaraj

摘要

In this research, various stacking sequences (K/G/G/K, G/K/K/G, and G/K/G/K) were examined in epoxy-based composites reinforced with silane-treated mangosteen biochar, focusing on fatigue, creep, and water absorption behavior. Among all specimens, composite A22 comprising 3 vol.% biochar and a G/K/K/G stacking configuration exhibited exceptional fatigue performance with life counts of 28,581, 26,168, and 24,519 at 25%, 50%, and 75% UTS, respectively. The same composite also demonstrated excellent creep resistance, with low strain values of 0.0035, 0.0194, and 0.0259 at 5000, 10,000, and 15,000 s. Although the plain epoxy specimen A0 showed the lowest water absorption (0.35%) due to its dense, hydrophobic structure, the fiber-reinforced composites showed a balanced trade-off between mechanical performance and moisture uptake. SEM analysis provided further insights into the interfacial characteristics and failure mechanisms. These findings highlight the critical influence of stacking sequence on composite behavior, making it a key parameter in the design of high-performance materials. The developed composites show strong potential for applications in automotive components, aerospace interiors, structural panels, marine structures, sporting goods, and consumer electronics casings.