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<p>This communication comprehensively analyses the fundamental crystal structure, microstructure, electrical, and magnetic properties of (Bi<sub>0.9</sub>Gd<sub>0.1</sub>)(Fe<sub>0.5</sub>Ti<sub>0.5</sub>)O<sub>3</sub> eco-friendly material. A conventional solid-state reaction technique was employed for the synthesis of the material. The primary structural examination of the studied material was conducted using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), which revealed the presence of two phases: (i) an orthorhombic phase (A21am space group) and (ii) a cubic phase (I23 space group). The surface of the specimen material, examined using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), exhibited a dense structure with uniformly distributed grains of various sizes and an average grain size of 2–3&#xa0;μm. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectra confirmed the appropriate elemental composition of the sample. Correlation has been discovered among the frequency-temperature-based electrical parameters (dielectric, impedance, and electrical conductivity). The synthesized material exhibits a high dielectric constant at room temperature. Impedance spectroscopy methodology, employing an idealized simulated circuit, was utilized to examine the impact of grains and grain boundaries on the capacitive and resistive features. Impedance spectroscopy studies reveal that the material exhibits semiconductor properties, distinguished by a negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR). Additionally, the observed relaxation behavior is classified as non-Debye type. The ac conductivity analysis suggests a correlated barrier hopping (CBH) conduction mechanism. The magnetic study shows small ferromagnetic behavior near the low applied field with M<sub>r</sub>=0.012 emu/gm. This material may hold potential for applications in new devices based on the various parameters obtained.</p>

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Exploring the Structure, Morphology, Dielectric, and Magnetic Characteristics of Bismuth Ferrite with Gd and Ti Substitutions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月26日

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  • Sushil Joshi,
  • Alok Shukla,
  • Nitin Kumar,
  • R. N. P. Choudhary

摘要

This communication comprehensively analyses the fundamental crystal structure, microstructure, electrical, and magnetic properties of (Bi0.9Gd0.1)(Fe0.5Ti0.5)O3 eco-friendly material. A conventional solid-state reaction technique was employed for the synthesis of the material. The primary structural examination of the studied material was conducted using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), which revealed the presence of two phases: (i) an orthorhombic phase (A21am space group) and (ii) a cubic phase (I23 space group). The surface of the specimen material, examined using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), exhibited a dense structure with uniformly distributed grains of various sizes and an average grain size of 2–3 μm. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectra confirmed the appropriate elemental composition of the sample. Correlation has been discovered among the frequency-temperature-based electrical parameters (dielectric, impedance, and electrical conductivity). The synthesized material exhibits a high dielectric constant at room temperature. Impedance spectroscopy methodology, employing an idealized simulated circuit, was utilized to examine the impact of grains and grain boundaries on the capacitive and resistive features. Impedance spectroscopy studies reveal that the material exhibits semiconductor properties, distinguished by a negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR). Additionally, the observed relaxation behavior is classified as non-Debye type. The ac conductivity analysis suggests a correlated barrier hopping (CBH) conduction mechanism. The magnetic study shows small ferromagnetic behavior near the low applied field with Mr=0.012 emu/gm. This material may hold potential for applications in new devices based on the various parameters obtained.