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<p>The use of large quantities of synthetic dyes in the textile industry has significant environmental impacts. This research examined how surface modification affects the adsorption properties of raw shaddock peel (RSP). It also shows a difference in the removal percentage of the methylene blue (MB) dye when using treated and untreated shaddock peel as adsorbents. The surface modification was performed using an autoclave in an alkaline (NaOH) environment at high temperatures (200&#xa0;°C), and the resulting product is referred to as modified shaddock peel (MSP). Batch studies were conducted to assess the effects of adsorbent dose, pH, reaction time, initial MB concentration, and solution temperature. RSP and MSP were characterised using SEM-EDX, UV-visible spectrophotometry, FTIR, XRD, BET, Zeta potential and TGA. Under optimal conditions, MSP achieved a removal efficiency of 93.34% of the maximum equilibrium concentration of 854.7&#xa0;mg/g for MB. The adsorption behaviour of MSP follows the Langmuir and Freundlich kinetic models, indicating monolayer and heterogeneous adsorption of MB. Thermodynamic studies reveal that the adsorption of modified shaddock peel is exothermic and spontaneous. The data indicate that MSP is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly adsorbent for removing MB from aqueous solutions. The current research presents an accessible, eco-friendly, and cost-effective solution for dye removal, transforming fruit waste into a valuable resource for cleaner water. Combining a sustainable treatment method with an underutilised biomass source, this study advances efforts in environmental preservation and sustainable wastewater treatment. Additionally, the use of fruit peel waste in this study highlights its role in waste recycling for environmental benefits.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Synergistic Alkaline–thermal Engineering of Shaddock Peel for High-efficiency dye Removal from Water

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月23日

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  • Priyanka Pareek,
  • Lalita Ledwani

摘要

The use of large quantities of synthetic dyes in the textile industry has significant environmental impacts. This research examined how surface modification affects the adsorption properties of raw shaddock peel (RSP). It also shows a difference in the removal percentage of the methylene blue (MB) dye when using treated and untreated shaddock peel as adsorbents. The surface modification was performed using an autoclave in an alkaline (NaOH) environment at high temperatures (200 °C), and the resulting product is referred to as modified shaddock peel (MSP). Batch studies were conducted to assess the effects of adsorbent dose, pH, reaction time, initial MB concentration, and solution temperature. RSP and MSP were characterised using SEM-EDX, UV-visible spectrophotometry, FTIR, XRD, BET, Zeta potential and TGA. Under optimal conditions, MSP achieved a removal efficiency of 93.34% of the maximum equilibrium concentration of 854.7 mg/g for MB. The adsorption behaviour of MSP follows the Langmuir and Freundlich kinetic models, indicating monolayer and heterogeneous adsorption of MB. Thermodynamic studies reveal that the adsorption of modified shaddock peel is exothermic and spontaneous. The data indicate that MSP is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly adsorbent for removing MB from aqueous solutions. The current research presents an accessible, eco-friendly, and cost-effective solution for dye removal, transforming fruit waste into a valuable resource for cleaner water. Combining a sustainable treatment method with an underutilised biomass source, this study advances efforts in environmental preservation and sustainable wastewater treatment. Additionally, the use of fruit peel waste in this study highlights its role in waste recycling for environmental benefits.

Graphical Abstract