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<p>Silica (SiO₂) nanoparticles were synthesized from rice husk using a sol–gel approach and investigated as nano-additives in Mahua biodiesel–diesel fuel blends to evaluate their influence on combustion characteristics and emission behavior in a diesel engine. The structural and morphological properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). XRD patterns exhibited a broad diffraction peak centered at 2θ ≈ 22°, indicating the formation of predominantly amorphous silica with nanoscale crystallite features. FTIR spectra showed characteristic absorption bands at 1080&#xa0;cm⁻<sup>1</sup>, 800&#xa0;cm⁻<sup>1</sup>, and 460&#xa0;cm⁻<sup>1</sup>, corresponding to the asymmetric stretching, symmetric stretching, and bending vibrations of Si–O–Si bonds, confirming the formation of silica networks derived from rice husk. FESEM analysis revealed quasi-spherical nanoparticles with particle sizes ranging from approximately 30 to 60&#xa0;nm, forming loosely agglomerated structures with a high specific surface area. The synthesized SiO₂ nanoparticles were dispersed in Mahua biodiesel–diesel fuel blends and evaluated in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection diesel engine operating at 1500&#xa0;rpm under different load conditions. The nano-additive fuel exhibited enhanced combustion characteristics, with the peak cylinder pressure increasing by approximately 6–8% and the maximum heat release rate improving by nearly 10% compared with the biodiesel blend without nanoparticles. The ignition delay decreased by approximately 4–6%, indicating improved fuel–air mixing and faster combustion kinetics. Emission measurements showed reductions in carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emissions by approximately 12–15% and 10–13%, respectively, while NOx emissions increased slightly by about 3–5% at higher engine loads.</p>

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Rice Husk-Derived SiO₂ Nanoparticles as Sustainable Nano-Additives for Improving Combustion Characteristics and Emission Behavior of Mahua Biodiesel-Fueled Diesel Engines

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月18日

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  • Venkatesh Yepuri,
  • MFrancis Luther King,
  • A. Gopichand

摘要

Silica (SiO₂) nanoparticles were synthesized from rice husk using a sol–gel approach and investigated as nano-additives in Mahua biodiesel–diesel fuel blends to evaluate their influence on combustion characteristics and emission behavior in a diesel engine. The structural and morphological properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). XRD patterns exhibited a broad diffraction peak centered at 2θ ≈ 22°, indicating the formation of predominantly amorphous silica with nanoscale crystallite features. FTIR spectra showed characteristic absorption bands at 1080 cm⁻1, 800 cm⁻1, and 460 cm⁻1, corresponding to the asymmetric stretching, symmetric stretching, and bending vibrations of Si–O–Si bonds, confirming the formation of silica networks derived from rice husk. FESEM analysis revealed quasi-spherical nanoparticles with particle sizes ranging from approximately 30 to 60 nm, forming loosely agglomerated structures with a high specific surface area. The synthesized SiO₂ nanoparticles were dispersed in Mahua biodiesel–diesel fuel blends and evaluated in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection diesel engine operating at 1500 rpm under different load conditions. The nano-additive fuel exhibited enhanced combustion characteristics, with the peak cylinder pressure increasing by approximately 6–8% and the maximum heat release rate improving by nearly 10% compared with the biodiesel blend without nanoparticles. The ignition delay decreased by approximately 4–6%, indicating improved fuel–air mixing and faster combustion kinetics. Emission measurements showed reductions in carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emissions by approximately 12–15% and 10–13%, respectively, while NOx emissions increased slightly by about 3–5% at higher engine loads.