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<p>This study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (eg-AgNPs) using <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesis parameters were optimized using Box–Behnken design based response surface methodology to achieve efficient nanoparticle formation. The optimized conditions for AgNP synthesis were 3 mM AgNO₃, 1% (v/v) extract concentration, pH 7, and an incubation period of 30&#xa0;h. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of functional groups in the plant extract responsible for the reduction of Ag⁺ ions and stabilization of the nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles with a face-centered cubic structure and an average crystallite size of 20.93&#xa0;nm. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses indicated that the synthesized eg-AgNPs were predominantly spherical with an average particle diameter of 15.8&#xa0;nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and XPS analysis further confirmed silver as the major elemental component of the nanoparticles. Also DLS and zeta analysis of eg-AgNPs showed a Z-average hydrodynamic diameter of 154.05&#xa0;nm and zeta potential of -23.23 mV indicating good colloidal stability. Biological evaluation demonstrated that the eg-AgNPs exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant activity compared with the crude extract, as evidenced by ABTS (IC₅₀ = 19.62&#xa0;µg/mL), DPPH (IC₅₀ = 16.25&#xa0;µg/mL), and superoxide dismutase radical scavenging assays. In addition, the nanoparticles exhibited selective colorimetric sensing capability toward heavy metal ions, particularly Hg²⁺, with a detection limit of 331 nM. The synthesized eg-AgNPs also demonstrated efficient photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue dye. Further eg-AgNPs exhibited excellent reusability retaining 85% of their initial photocatalytic activity for methylene blue after four consecutive cycles. These findings collectively highlight the multifunctional potential of biosynthesized eg-AgNPs for applications in environmental monitoring, wastewater remediation, and antioxidant systems.</p>

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Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Eucalyptus globulus Leaf Extract and Their Photocatalytic, Antioxidant, and Heavy Metal Ion Sensing Properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • Sonam Chouhan,
  • Sanjay Guleria,
  • Pooja Choudhary,
  • Aasiya Majeed,
  • Khalid Salaria,
  • Kanika Sharma,
  • Shivani Sharma,
  • Kiran D. Pawar,
  • Kashyap Dubey,
  • Gaurav Rajauria

摘要

This study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (eg-AgNPs) using Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesis parameters were optimized using Box–Behnken design based response surface methodology to achieve efficient nanoparticle formation. The optimized conditions for AgNP synthesis were 3 mM AgNO₃, 1% (v/v) extract concentration, pH 7, and an incubation period of 30 h. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of functional groups in the plant extract responsible for the reduction of Ag⁺ ions and stabilization of the nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles with a face-centered cubic structure and an average crystallite size of 20.93 nm. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses indicated that the synthesized eg-AgNPs were predominantly spherical with an average particle diameter of 15.8 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and XPS analysis further confirmed silver as the major elemental component of the nanoparticles. Also DLS and zeta analysis of eg-AgNPs showed a Z-average hydrodynamic diameter of 154.05 nm and zeta potential of -23.23 mV indicating good colloidal stability. Biological evaluation demonstrated that the eg-AgNPs exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant activity compared with the crude extract, as evidenced by ABTS (IC₅₀ = 19.62 µg/mL), DPPH (IC₅₀ = 16.25 µg/mL), and superoxide dismutase radical scavenging assays. In addition, the nanoparticles exhibited selective colorimetric sensing capability toward heavy metal ions, particularly Hg²⁺, with a detection limit of 331 nM. The synthesized eg-AgNPs also demonstrated efficient photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue dye. Further eg-AgNPs exhibited excellent reusability retaining 85% of their initial photocatalytic activity for methylene blue after four consecutive cycles. These findings collectively highlight the multifunctional potential of biosynthesized eg-AgNPs for applications in environmental monitoring, wastewater remediation, and antioxidant systems.