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<p>The excessive use of pharmaceutical products and their untreated or unmetabolized release into the environment, pose significant threats to water quality worldwide. Therefore, the sensitive, accurate, and rapid detection of pharmaceutical residues is crucial for protecting water resources. To address this issue, we developed electrochemical measurement techniques using functionalized semiconductor materials. Amlodipine, due to its slow degradation rate in water, is classified as an "emerging pharmaceutical contaminant." It must be eliminated because its presence can have effects on ecosystems. This study focused on the fabrication of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods through a straightforward method. We modified the surface of the ZnO with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) to create a functionalized composite. Our team characterized both the ZnO and the functionalized ZnO using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). The synthesized nanorods exhibit lengths ranging from 200 to 2500 nm, with an average width of approximately 50 nm. We explored the electrochemical conditions by examining the effects of Amlodipine concentrations and the additional mass of ZnO@APTES on cyclic voltammetry (CV). Within the linear concentration range of 1.1 × 10⁻⁶ M to 80 × 10⁻6 M, the results indicated that the intensity of the Amlodipine oxidation peak decreased as the amount of ZnO@APTES in the solution increased. We found that the interaction between ZnO@APTES and Amlodipine was precise, rapid, and electrostatic in nature. These findings suggest that the modified ZnO nanorods could serve as an effective agent for detecting Amlodipine in wastewater.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Electrochemical Detection of Amlodipine in Water Assisted by Homogeneous Suspension of 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane-Modified ZnO Nanorods

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Haythem Barrak,
  • Ridha Ahmedi,
  • Mondher Yahya,
  • Pascale Chevallier,
  • Gaétan Laroche,
  • Ahmed Hichem Hamzaoui

摘要

The excessive use of pharmaceutical products and their untreated or unmetabolized release into the environment, pose significant threats to water quality worldwide. Therefore, the sensitive, accurate, and rapid detection of pharmaceutical residues is crucial for protecting water resources. To address this issue, we developed electrochemical measurement techniques using functionalized semiconductor materials. Amlodipine, due to its slow degradation rate in water, is classified as an "emerging pharmaceutical contaminant." It must be eliminated because its presence can have effects on ecosystems. This study focused on the fabrication of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods through a straightforward method. We modified the surface of the ZnO with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) to create a functionalized composite. Our team characterized both the ZnO and the functionalized ZnO using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). The synthesized nanorods exhibit lengths ranging from 200 to 2500 nm, with an average width of approximately 50 nm. We explored the electrochemical conditions by examining the effects of Amlodipine concentrations and the additional mass of ZnO@APTES on cyclic voltammetry (CV). Within the linear concentration range of 1.1 × 10⁻⁶ M to 80 × 10⁻6 M, the results indicated that the intensity of the Amlodipine oxidation peak decreased as the amount of ZnO@APTES in the solution increased. We found that the interaction between ZnO@APTES and Amlodipine was precise, rapid, and electrostatic in nature. These findings suggest that the modified ZnO nanorods could serve as an effective agent for detecting Amlodipine in wastewater.

Graphical Abstract