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<p>We synthesized carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) from olive oil using a flame-assisted approach and characterized their morphology, physicochemical properties, and cytotoxicity. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) investigation revealed predominantly carbon nanoparticles with hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups bound to the surface. In the XRD pattern of the synthesized olive oil-derived carbon nanoparticles (OCNPs), a broad diffraction peak was observed at 24.6°, indicating the presence of partially graphitic carbon. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the OCNPs were spherical with diameters ranging from 50 to 90 nanometers. According to thermogravimetric analysis, only 16% of the weight loss was examined during thermal degradation up to 800&#xa0;°C. Approximately 19% and 38% cell death were measured after 400&#xa0;µg/mL OCNPs treatment for 24 and 48&#xa0;h, respectively. However, around 5% cell death was observed at the highest palmitic acid-functionalized OCNPs (OCNPs/PA) concentration (400&#xa0;µg/mL) after 48&#xa0;h of exposure. Bright-field microscopy, Giemsa staining, and AO/EB dual staining consistently demonstrated healthy, adherent macrophage morphology, with no significant apoptotic or necrotic features. Additionally, Oil Red O staining confirmed the accumulation of fatty acids in cells exposed to OCNPs/PA, suggesting that surface chemistry plays a role in modulating cellular lipid metabolism. Overall, the synthesized OCNPs/PA indicate superior stability, promising biocompatibility, emphasizing their potential in the biomedical field.</p>

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Facile Synthesis of Carbon Nanoparticles from Olive Oil: Investigation of Toxicological Profiles on THP-1 Macrophages

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Abdullah Almubarak,
  • Jegan Athinarayanan,
  • Vaiyapuri Subbarayan Periasamy,
  • Ali A Alshatwi

摘要

We synthesized carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) from olive oil using a flame-assisted approach and characterized their morphology, physicochemical properties, and cytotoxicity. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) investigation revealed predominantly carbon nanoparticles with hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups bound to the surface. In the XRD pattern of the synthesized olive oil-derived carbon nanoparticles (OCNPs), a broad diffraction peak was observed at 24.6°, indicating the presence of partially graphitic carbon. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the OCNPs were spherical with diameters ranging from 50 to 90 nanometers. According to thermogravimetric analysis, only 16% of the weight loss was examined during thermal degradation up to 800 °C. Approximately 19% and 38% cell death were measured after 400 µg/mL OCNPs treatment for 24 and 48 h, respectively. However, around 5% cell death was observed at the highest palmitic acid-functionalized OCNPs (OCNPs/PA) concentration (400 µg/mL) after 48 h of exposure. Bright-field microscopy, Giemsa staining, and AO/EB dual staining consistently demonstrated healthy, adherent macrophage morphology, with no significant apoptotic or necrotic features. Additionally, Oil Red O staining confirmed the accumulation of fatty acids in cells exposed to OCNPs/PA, suggesting that surface chemistry plays a role in modulating cellular lipid metabolism. Overall, the synthesized OCNPs/PA indicate superior stability, promising biocompatibility, emphasizing their potential in the biomedical field.