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Purpose <p>Conventional management of microbial infections often leads to adverse effects and contributes to antibiotic resistance. One alternative believed to produce fewer side effects is the use of natural products such as herbal medicines. <i>Zanthoxylum paniculatum</i> is a plant known to produce essential oils. This study aimed to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of <i>Z. paniculatum</i> and evaluate its antimicrobial activity.</p> Methods <p>The essential oil was obtained from leaf distillation and analyzed using GC–MS to identify its chemical constituents. The essential oil antimicrobial activities were evaluated against <i>S. typhimurium, S. aureus, C. albicans,</i> and <i>A. niger</i>. Additionally, this study employed molecular docking analysis to identify the compounds responsible for its antimicrobial activities.</p> Results <p>The antimicrobial assay indicated that the essential oil of <i>Z. paniculatum</i> leaves exhibited weak antibacterial activity but strong antifungal activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against <i>S. typhimurium</i> and <i>S. aureus</i> were 7.5%. The MIC value against <i>C. albicans</i> was 5%, while that against <i>A. niger</i> was 0.75%. The essential oil demonstrated fungicidal activity against both <i>C. albicans</i> and <i>A. niger</i>. GC–MS analysis revealed that the essential oil contained six compounds, predominantly α-pinene (59.61%) and 2,4,6-trimethoxystyrene (29.50%), along with several minor compounds, including bicyclogermacrene, xanthoxylin, β-pinene, and camphene. Supporting the <i>in-vitro</i> experiments, molecular docking showed that α-pinene, the predominant compound, exhibited a higher binding affinity to fungi than to bacteria.</p> Conclusion <p><i>Z. paniculatum</i> essential oil demonstrated more potent fungicidal than antibacterial activities.</p>

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Chemical Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity, and Molecular Docking of Essential Oil from Zanthoxylum paniculatum Balf.f

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月9日

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  • Lanina Arung Prihandita,
  • Francis Xavier,
  • Adelia Elviantari,
  • I Putu Hendra Agus Wibawa

摘要

Purpose

Conventional management of microbial infections often leads to adverse effects and contributes to antibiotic resistance. One alternative believed to produce fewer side effects is the use of natural products such as herbal medicines. Zanthoxylum paniculatum is a plant known to produce essential oils. This study aimed to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of Z. paniculatum and evaluate its antimicrobial activity.

Methods

The essential oil was obtained from leaf distillation and analyzed using GC–MS to identify its chemical constituents. The essential oil antimicrobial activities were evaluated against S. typhimurium, S. aureus, C. albicans, and A. niger. Additionally, this study employed molecular docking analysis to identify the compounds responsible for its antimicrobial activities.

Results

The antimicrobial assay indicated that the essential oil of Z. paniculatum leaves exhibited weak antibacterial activity but strong antifungal activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against S. typhimurium and S. aureus were 7.5%. The MIC value against C. albicans was 5%, while that against A. niger was 0.75%. The essential oil demonstrated fungicidal activity against both C. albicans and A. niger. GC–MS analysis revealed that the essential oil contained six compounds, predominantly α-pinene (59.61%) and 2,4,6-trimethoxystyrene (29.50%), along with several minor compounds, including bicyclogermacrene, xanthoxylin, β-pinene, and camphene. Supporting the in-vitro experiments, molecular docking showed that α-pinene, the predominant compound, exhibited a higher binding affinity to fungi than to bacteria.

Conclusion

Z. paniculatum essential oil demonstrated more potent fungicidal than antibacterial activities.