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<p>The novel application of metal oxide deposited on 3.0&#xa0;mm diameter glass beads using physical vapor deposition for metal recovery from complex matrices is reported. Single and mixed oxides that are derived from Cu, Ti, and W metals and deposited on GBs are effective for metal recovery prior to spectral analysis. The metal oxides deposited on GBs were subjected to different characterization tests, including FTIR, XPS, and SEM-EDX, to explain their functionality. Advanced surface measurements for the most active composite, TiO₂-CuO-GB, indicated that the loaded amount of oxides on GBs was only 0.088%, while the thickness of the deposited layer was within 14–17&#xa0;μm. As an extractant, the composite TiO₂-CuO-GB manifested high performance for metal preconcentration, resulting in better detection by ICP-OES, as the metals can be measured down to 0.06-7.0 ng/L. With an enrichment factor of 4–5, the metals Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Pb are typically concentrated at pH 6.0, 2.0 beads/25 mL, and a contact time of 30&#xa0;min. Under the optimized preconcentration and analytical conditions, heavy metals in the extracts of e-liquids obtained by microwave digestion were measured. Analysis of e-liquid samples fortified with 1.5 ppm of heavy metals by the proposed method indicated a high recovery for Pb, Cu, and Cr (94–97%) and promising recoveries for Ni, Cd, and Co (57–61%). Using the optimized analytical procedure, the levels of heavy metals in highly consumed e-liquids are measured and found to be at 8.0–64, 28.0–76.0, 36.0–88.0, 24.0–96.0, 20.0-108.0, and 24.0–224.0&#xa0;µg/kg for Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Co, and Cd, respectively. The levels of Cr and Cu are close to the published results, while Co and Cd are present in high amounts. Metal oxides deposited on glass beads present a new line for metal preconcentration, as there is no need for any separation practice like filtration, centrifugation, or even an external magnet. Due to their stability and high recovery performance for heavy metals, the reusability of TiO₂-CuO-GB for multiple cycles will be examined in our future research.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Preparation of Stable Metal Oxides-Glass Bead Composites Using Physical Vapor Deposition and Application for Recovering of Heavy Metals from Complex Matrices

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月27日

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  • Jafar I. Abdelghani,
  • Amjad H. El-Sheikh,
  • Razan M. Alhettah

摘要

The novel application of metal oxide deposited on 3.0 mm diameter glass beads using physical vapor deposition for metal recovery from complex matrices is reported. Single and mixed oxides that are derived from Cu, Ti, and W metals and deposited on GBs are effective for metal recovery prior to spectral analysis. The metal oxides deposited on GBs were subjected to different characterization tests, including FTIR, XPS, and SEM-EDX, to explain their functionality. Advanced surface measurements for the most active composite, TiO₂-CuO-GB, indicated that the loaded amount of oxides on GBs was only 0.088%, while the thickness of the deposited layer was within 14–17 μm. As an extractant, the composite TiO₂-CuO-GB manifested high performance for metal preconcentration, resulting in better detection by ICP-OES, as the metals can be measured down to 0.06-7.0 ng/L. With an enrichment factor of 4–5, the metals Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Pb are typically concentrated at pH 6.0, 2.0 beads/25 mL, and a contact time of 30 min. Under the optimized preconcentration and analytical conditions, heavy metals in the extracts of e-liquids obtained by microwave digestion were measured. Analysis of e-liquid samples fortified with 1.5 ppm of heavy metals by the proposed method indicated a high recovery for Pb, Cu, and Cr (94–97%) and promising recoveries for Ni, Cd, and Co (57–61%). Using the optimized analytical procedure, the levels of heavy metals in highly consumed e-liquids are measured and found to be at 8.0–64, 28.0–76.0, 36.0–88.0, 24.0–96.0, 20.0-108.0, and 24.0–224.0 µg/kg for Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Co, and Cd, respectively. The levels of Cr and Cu are close to the published results, while Co and Cd are present in high amounts. Metal oxides deposited on glass beads present a new line for metal preconcentration, as there is no need for any separation practice like filtration, centrifugation, or even an external magnet. Due to their stability and high recovery performance for heavy metals, the reusability of TiO₂-CuO-GB for multiple cycles will be examined in our future research.

Graphical Abstract