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<p>This study involved the synthesis of activated hydrochar (AHC) from wood sawdust through a two-step process: first, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), followed by chemical activation using ZnCl<sub>2</sub>. The effects of key HTC parameters on hydrochar yield were optimized using Box-Behnken design, with the highest yield attained at a process temperature of 181.23&#xa0;°C, a reaction time of 40.48&#xa0;min, and a water-to-solid ratio of 11.99&#xa0;g.g<sup>− 1</sup>. Hydrochar obtained at these optimized conditions underwent chemical activation with ZnCl<sub>2</sub>. Various characterization methods, including FTIR, TGA, SEM, EDX and XRD, were used to analyze the physico-chemical properties of the materials. The resulting AHC demonstrated enhanced adsorption properties compared to hydrochar, attributed to its highly porous structure, as confirmed by SEM analysis. According to the Langmuir isotherm model, the Langmuir theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of AHC toward methylene blue (MB) was determined to be 358.54 mg.g<sup>− 1</sup>. Adsorption kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order model, while thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process is exothermic and spontaneous and within the temperature range of 303.15 to 323.15&#xa0;K. The adsorption mechanism was governed by a combination of ᴨ-ᴨ stacking, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and pore filling. These results demonstrate that HTC is a viable and environmentally sound pretreatment strategy for producing high-performance adsorbent suitable for dye adsorption.</p>

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Production and Optimization of High-Performance Activated Hydrochar from Sawdust: A Two-Step Conversion Route for Enhanced Methylene Blue Adsorption

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月18日

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  • Amine Miftah,
  • Leila Azaryouh,
  • Zineb Ouahouah,
  • Soumaya Basaoud,
  • Khalifa EL Harfi,
  • Adil Aboulkas

摘要

This study involved the synthesis of activated hydrochar (AHC) from wood sawdust through a two-step process: first, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), followed by chemical activation using ZnCl2. The effects of key HTC parameters on hydrochar yield were optimized using Box-Behnken design, with the highest yield attained at a process temperature of 181.23 °C, a reaction time of 40.48 min, and a water-to-solid ratio of 11.99 g.g− 1. Hydrochar obtained at these optimized conditions underwent chemical activation with ZnCl2. Various characterization methods, including FTIR, TGA, SEM, EDX and XRD, were used to analyze the physico-chemical properties of the materials. The resulting AHC demonstrated enhanced adsorption properties compared to hydrochar, attributed to its highly porous structure, as confirmed by SEM analysis. According to the Langmuir isotherm model, the Langmuir theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of AHC toward methylene blue (MB) was determined to be 358.54 mg.g− 1. Adsorption kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order model, while thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process is exothermic and spontaneous and within the temperature range of 303.15 to 323.15 K. The adsorption mechanism was governed by a combination of ᴨ-ᴨ stacking, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and pore filling. These results demonstrate that HTC is a viable and environmentally sound pretreatment strategy for producing high-performance adsorbent suitable for dye adsorption.