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<p>This study utilized a natural material comprising montmorillonite clay and microalgal biomass to develop a bio-adsorbent (MMT-AB bead) for enhanced Ciprofloxacin (CIP) removal. The surface of the beads and the biosorbent loading were studied using SEM-EDX (Scanning electron microscope- Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction) and BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) analyses. MMT-AB beads demonstrated outstanding performance in CIP removal, achieving a removal efficiency of 90.5% under optimal parameters such as adsorbate dosage, contact time, pH, bead weight and initial CIP concentration. The pseudo-second-order model accurately represented the adsorption kinetics, while the Langmuir isotherm model effectively characterized the surface adsorption equilibrium. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption process was non-spontaneous and endothermic. The simultaneous effects of multiple interactions, including surface complexation, π–π stacking, and hydrogen bonding, were found to be responsible for the targeted and efficient biosorption of CIP onto MMT-AB beads, as supported by various experiments and techniques employed to determine the effects on fresh and treated samples. The MMT-AB beads were successfully regenerated and reused for up to four cycles, with residual toxicity studies of the treated CIP solution against freshwater <i>Chlorella</i> sp. showing &gt; 85% cell viability. This study suggests that MMT-AB beads are potential and sustainable alternatives to commercial adsorbents for remediating antibiotics from wastewater.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Hybrid Biocomposite of Montmorillonite-Algal Biomass Alginate Beads for Efficient Ciprofloxacin Removal: Adsorption Optimization, Mechanism, and Reusability Studies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月4日

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  • Manoranjitha Murugesan,
  • Mrudula Pulimi

摘要

This study utilized a natural material comprising montmorillonite clay and microalgal biomass to develop a bio-adsorbent (MMT-AB bead) for enhanced Ciprofloxacin (CIP) removal. The surface of the beads and the biosorbent loading were studied using SEM-EDX (Scanning electron microscope- Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction) and BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) analyses. MMT-AB beads demonstrated outstanding performance in CIP removal, achieving a removal efficiency of 90.5% under optimal parameters such as adsorbate dosage, contact time, pH, bead weight and initial CIP concentration. The pseudo-second-order model accurately represented the adsorption kinetics, while the Langmuir isotherm model effectively characterized the surface adsorption equilibrium. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption process was non-spontaneous and endothermic. The simultaneous effects of multiple interactions, including surface complexation, π–π stacking, and hydrogen bonding, were found to be responsible for the targeted and efficient biosorption of CIP onto MMT-AB beads, as supported by various experiments and techniques employed to determine the effects on fresh and treated samples. The MMT-AB beads were successfully regenerated and reused for up to four cycles, with residual toxicity studies of the treated CIP solution against freshwater Chlorella sp. showing > 85% cell viability. This study suggests that MMT-AB beads are potential and sustainable alternatives to commercial adsorbents for remediating antibiotics from wastewater.

Graphical Abstract