<p>Lignin is a polymer that originates chemically by binding precursors that are phenolic (monolignols). They are very crucial for the development of cell walls, because they provide rigidity and are easily resistant to degradation, especially in wood and tree barks. This review looks closely at the chemistry of the structure, characterization methods and classification of lignin according to separation methods and how isolation conditions affect purity, yields, and applications. The most recent advances in lignin characterization to overcome the analytical challenges sequel to its complex structures, and the presence of many functional groups in its molecules are discussed. Similarly, recent advertences in converting lignin into carbon-based materials are extensively reviewed. Among which are its versatile applications in hydrogels synthesis, biodegradable electronics, conductive polymers, batteries and super-capacitors. The work concludes by outlining potential future isolation, characterization techniques and materials applications, highlighting significant challenges that needed to be resolved, and outlining potential directions for further research on carbon materials produced from lignin. By integrating findings from many investigations, this study seeks to provide readers with a comprehensive grasp of how carbon materials produced from lignin may be essential in advancing sustainable solutions and enhanced environmental performance.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>