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<p>The analysis of lincosamides is dependent on major equipment that cannot support in-field testing. This study presents an analytical method based on divalent cation coupling of lincosamides, optimized for field applications using smartphone sensors.</p><p>The coupling of lincosamides was achieved with Cu<sup>2+</sup> to produce a colored complex. Spectrophotometric and digital image component (DIC) based detection were compared. The analytical models were validated and their environmental impact was assessed. Finally, the models were applied for the determination of lincosamides in pharmaceutical formulations, fermentation broth and urine samples.</p><p>The results revealed that the direct spectrophotometric determination achieved an average accuracy of 101.04% ± 0.58 in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Derivative ratio approach enabled the application in complex matrices with an average accuracy of (98.87% ± 1.39; 0.3–3.5&#xa0;mg/mL) in broth and (97.96% ± 2.07; 0.9–10&#xa0;mg/mL) in urine. Smartphone sensing achieved a close accuracy over a wider concentration range in broth (100.92–98.88%; 0.3–40&#xa0;mg/mL) and urine (98.88–105.78%; 0.1–10&#xa0;mg/mL) via quantitation of the blue (G) and green (R) DIC, respectively. The methods outperformed all previously published ones in terms of environmental impact.</p><p>In conclusion, the study presents an eco-friendly and low-cost method for frequent analysis of lincosamides. It can be applied in-field via smartphone-based sensing.</p>

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Eco-Friendly Spectrophotometric Quantification of Lincosamides: Spectral Derivatization and Smartphone Sensing for In-field Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月19日

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  • Raneen Ezzat Mohamed,
  • Ehab Elkady,
  • Faten Farouk

摘要

The analysis of lincosamides is dependent on major equipment that cannot support in-field testing. This study presents an analytical method based on divalent cation coupling of lincosamides, optimized for field applications using smartphone sensors.

The coupling of lincosamides was achieved with Cu2+ to produce a colored complex. Spectrophotometric and digital image component (DIC) based detection were compared. The analytical models were validated and their environmental impact was assessed. Finally, the models were applied for the determination of lincosamides in pharmaceutical formulations, fermentation broth and urine samples.

The results revealed that the direct spectrophotometric determination achieved an average accuracy of 101.04% ± 0.58 in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Derivative ratio approach enabled the application in complex matrices with an average accuracy of (98.87% ± 1.39; 0.3–3.5 mg/mL) in broth and (97.96% ± 2.07; 0.9–10 mg/mL) in urine. Smartphone sensing achieved a close accuracy over a wider concentration range in broth (100.92–98.88%; 0.3–40 mg/mL) and urine (98.88–105.78%; 0.1–10 mg/mL) via quantitation of the blue (G) and green (R) DIC, respectively. The methods outperformed all previously published ones in terms of environmental impact.

In conclusion, the study presents an eco-friendly and low-cost method for frequent analysis of lincosamides. It can be applied in-field via smartphone-based sensing.