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<p>Metal speciation is critical in environmental and biological systems due to the varying toxicity and reactivity of different oxidation states. This study introduces a sensitive and eco-friendly method for determining Fe(III) in environmental and pharmaceutical samples using combined cloud point extraction (CPE) and ICP-OES methodology, with a novel Schiff base ligand, sodium(E)-4-((2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)amino)-2-methylbenzoate (DHBAMB). The DHBAMB ligand and the Fe(III)-DHBAMB complex were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, and UV-vis spectroscopy, confirming stable complex formation. The hydrophobic Fe(III)-DHBAMB complex was selectively extracted into Triton X-100 (TX-100) non-ionic surfactant. The significant parameters affecting the CPE procedure, including pH, ligand and surfactant concentrations, temperature, and incubation time, were optimized. The method was achieved within a detection limit of 0.0262&#xa0;µg/L, a quantification limit of 0.078&#xa0;µg/L, and a preconcentration factor of 100. The proposed method was validated using certified reference materials, with recoveries of ~ 97% and relative standard deviations(RSD) below 1%. This approach was successfully applied to real water and pharmaceutical samples, demonstrating reliability, precision, and compatibility with green chemistry principles. It provides an effective tool for Fe(III) monitoring in environmental and industrial surroundings using CPE-ICP-OES technique. The interaction mechanism between the [Fe(III)-(DHBAMB)] complex and TX-100 was discussed.</p>

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Speciation and Preconcentration of Fe(III) and Fe(II) in Environmental Samples Using CPE and Schiff Base Ligand

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月29日

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  • Sara M. Zedan,
  • Ebrahim Abdel-Galil,
  • Magda A. Akl

摘要

Metal speciation is critical in environmental and biological systems due to the varying toxicity and reactivity of different oxidation states. This study introduces a sensitive and eco-friendly method for determining Fe(III) in environmental and pharmaceutical samples using combined cloud point extraction (CPE) and ICP-OES methodology, with a novel Schiff base ligand, sodium(E)-4-((2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)amino)-2-methylbenzoate (DHBAMB). The DHBAMB ligand and the Fe(III)-DHBAMB complex were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, and UV-vis spectroscopy, confirming stable complex formation. The hydrophobic Fe(III)-DHBAMB complex was selectively extracted into Triton X-100 (TX-100) non-ionic surfactant. The significant parameters affecting the CPE procedure, including pH, ligand and surfactant concentrations, temperature, and incubation time, were optimized. The method was achieved within a detection limit of 0.0262 µg/L, a quantification limit of 0.078 µg/L, and a preconcentration factor of 100. The proposed method was validated using certified reference materials, with recoveries of ~ 97% and relative standard deviations(RSD) below 1%. This approach was successfully applied to real water and pharmaceutical samples, demonstrating reliability, precision, and compatibility with green chemistry principles. It provides an effective tool for Fe(III) monitoring in environmental and industrial surroundings using CPE-ICP-OES technique. The interaction mechanism between the [Fe(III)-(DHBAMB)] complex and TX-100 was discussed.